{"id":4237,"date":"2023-07-27T10:46:37","date_gmt":"2023-07-27T08:46:37","guid":{"rendered":"https:\/\/www.die-verleugneten.de\/1933-1945-verfolgung\/"},"modified":"2025-02-06T15:35:55","modified_gmt":"2025-02-06T14:35:55","slug":"1933-1945-persecution","status":"publish","type":"page","link":"https:\/\/www.die-verleugneten.de\/en\/timeline\/1933-1945-persecution\/","title":{"rendered":"1933\u20131945: Persecution"},"content":{"rendered":"\n<p><\/p>\n\n\n\n<h2 class=\"wp-block-heading\" id=\"sprungmarke-1-1933\"><a><strong><\/strong><\/a><strong><a>Injustice under the guise of \u00bbdanger defence\u00ab (\u00bbGefahrenabwehr\u00ab)<\/a><\/strong><\/h2>\n\n\n\n<p>Just a few weeks after Adolf Hitler came to power in 1933, the National Socialists suspended fundamental rights with the decree \u00bbfor the protection of the people and the state\u00ab (\u00bbReichstag Fire Decree). However, many of those later persecuted as \u00bbasocials\u00ab or \u00bbcareer criminals\u00ab did not perceive this as a significant change: authorities and police had already denied many of them the ability to lead a self-determined life. Theories of \u00bbracial hygiene\u00ab and criminal biology, such as the idea of the \u00bbborn criminal\u00ab, had been influential since the German Empire. After 1933, these concepts became foundational principles in welfare, healthcare, and criminology. The police gained substantial power over the judiciary. From January 1934, they were able to detain individuals in \u00bbpreventive detention\u00ab without a court ruling and deport them to concentration camps as \u00bbhabitual criminals\u00ab.<\/p>\n\n\n\n<div class=\"wp-block-boom-spacer\" style=\"height:2rem\"><\/div>\n\n\n\n<div class=\"wp-block-boom-accordion accordion-item\"><h3 class=\"accordion-header\" id=\"heading-187a6285-d70f-4afd-8fe1-97d936edc27a\"><button class=\"accordion-button collapsed\" type=\"button\" aria-expanded=\"false\" aria-controls=\"collapse-187a6285-d70f-4afd-8fe1-97d936edc27a\"><span class=\"accordion-button-text\"><a>Continue reading: <\/a>\u00bbPeople&#8217;s community\u00ab and \u00bbstrangers to the community\u00ab<\/span><\/button><\/h3><div id=\"collapse-187a6285-d70f-4afd-8fe1-97d936edc27a\" class=\"accordion-collapse collapse\" aria-labelledby=\"heading-187a6285-d70f-4afd-8fe1-97d936edc27a\"><div class=\"accordion-body\">\n<p>The \u00bbnational community\u00ab is at the centre of the National Socialist world view. Only \u00bbGerman national comrades\u00ab who are subordinate to the F\u00fchrer principle are supposed to belong to this community. All others are regarded as \u00bbcommunity outsiders\u00ab or \u00bbenemies of the Reich\u00ab and therefore a danger. People were also targeted by the regime because of their social background or supposedly deviant behaviour. The National Socialists are convinced that alleged \u00bbinferiority\u00ab and criminality are hereditary. They victimise poor families, misfit young people and people who, for example, do not turn up for work or turn up late. The \u00bbLaw for the Prevention of Hereditarily Diseased Offspring\u00ab also enabled \u00bbhereditary health courts\u00ab to order forced sterilisations. Many people who did not conform to the ideas of the German \u00bbnational community\u00ab were torn from their social environment and placed in workhouses or welfare centres.<\/p>\n<\/div><\/div><\/div>\n\n\n\n<div class=\"wp-block-boom-accordion accordion-item\"><h3 class=\"accordion-header\" id=\"heading-b4bc42f4-3d4c-4c65-a452-1916ee072f21\"><button class=\"accordion-button collapsed\" type=\"button\" aria-expanded=\"false\" aria-controls=\"collapse-b4bc42f4-3d4c-4c65-a452-1916ee072f21\"><span class=\"accordion-button-text\"><a>Continue reading: The <\/a>\u00bbbeggar raid\u2019 of 1933<\/span><\/button><\/h3><div id=\"collapse-b4bc42f4-3d4c-4c65-a452-1916ee072f21\" class=\"accordion-collapse collapse\" aria-labelledby=\"heading-b4bc42f4-3d4c-4c65-a452-1916ee072f21\"><div class=\"accordion-body\">\n<p>In September 1933, the police and <a tabindex=\"0\" role=\"button\" class=\"glossary\" data-bs-toggle=\"popover\" data-bs-trigger=\"hover focus\" title=\"SA\" data-bs-content-id=\"popover-id-3996\" aria-label=\"SA - Glossary term\">SA<\/a> spent days combing through pubs, night shelters and public places, arresting people without a fixed abode. Although homelessness had already been criminalised for a long time, this raid was on a new scale: It was the first centrally organised mass arrest operation by the National Socialists. The homeless are defencelessly at its mercy. The accompanying press campaign painted a picture of supposedly \u00bbprofessional beggars\u00ab who were enriching themselves with alms and were not actually in need. This turned them into \u00bbpests\u00ab from whom the \u00bbnational community\u00ab had to be freed.<\/p>\n\n\n\n<p>Most of those arrested are released after a few weeks. Others were then deported to workhouses, care homes and concentration camps (some of which were still provisional).<\/p>\n<\/div><\/div><\/div>\n\n\n\n<div class=\"wp-block-boom-spacer\" style=\"height:2rem\"><\/div>\n\n\n\n<hr class=\"wp-block-separator has-css-opacity\"\/>\n\n\n\n<h2 class=\"wp-block-heading\" id=\"sprungmarke-2-1933\"><a><strong><a>Centralisation, systematisation and expansion of persecution<\/a><\/strong><\/a><\/h2>\n\n\n\n<p>From the beginning of 1937, the National Socialist state and party apparatus took a more systematic approach to the persecution of \u00bbasocials\u00ab and \u00bbcareer criminals\u00ab. In December 1937, the Reich Ministry of the Interior published the \u00bbBasic Decree on the Prevention of Crime by the Police\u00ab.<\/p>\n\n\n\n<p>This was the first standardised Reich-wide regulation of \u00bbpreventive detention\u00ab. The Criminal Police can now not only impose this against people they define as \u00bbcareer or habitual offenders\u2019, but also against alleged \u00bbasocials\u00ab. Targets of systematic arrests include homeless people, itinerant traders, addicts and women who work as prostitutes or are mistaken for such by the authorities. The Criminal Police transferred the victims to concentration camps without trial. Mass arrests led to a sharp rise in the number of prisoners there.<\/p>\n\n\n\n<p>The second instrument is \u00bbplanned police surveillance\u00ab. This means that people come under the control of the Criminal Police without the need for a court order. They have to report regularly to the police or the health authority, are not allowed to leave their home at night or have no contact with certain people. The \u00bbplanned police surveillance\u00ab mainly affected women who were accused by the National Socialists of leading a \u00bbdissolute lifestyle\u00ab.<\/p>\n\n\n\n<div class=\"wp-block-boom-spacer\" style=\"height:2rem\"><\/div>\n\n\n\n<div class=\"wp-block-boom-accordion accordion-item\"><h3 class=\"accordion-header\" id=\"heading-744842fb-8816-4d38-a87f-3a9901aea1aa\"><button class=\"accordion-button collapsed\" type=\"button\" aria-expanded=\"false\" aria-controls=\"collapse-744842fb-8816-4d38-a87f-3a9901aea1aa\"><span class=\"accordion-button-text\"><a>Continue reading: Himmler&#8217;s plans<\/a><\/span><\/button><\/h3><div id=\"collapse-744842fb-8816-4d38-a87f-3a9901aea1aa\" class=\"accordion-collapse collapse\" aria-labelledby=\"heading-744842fb-8816-4d38-a87f-3a9901aea1aa\"><div class=\"accordion-body\">\n<p>In February 1937, the head of the German police, Reichsf\u00fchrer <a tabindex=\"0\" role=\"button\" class=\"glossary\" data-bs-toggle=\"popover\" data-bs-trigger=\"hover focus\" title=\"SS\" data-bs-content-id=\"popover-id-4003\" aria-label=\"SS - Glossary term\">SS<\/a> Heinrich Himmler, laid down guidelines for the arrest of 2,000 \u00bbcareer- and habitual criminals and habitual moral criminals\u00ab. On 9 March 1937, the <a tabindex=\"0\" role=\"button\" class=\"glossary\" data-bs-toggle=\"popover\" data-bs-trigger=\"hover focus\" title=\"Kripo\" data-bs-content-id=\"popover-id-3114\" aria-label=\"Kripo - Glossary term\">Kripo<\/a> carried out these mass arrests (\u00bbMarch Action\u00ab). Those arrested are deported to concentration camps.<\/p>\n\n\n\n<p>In January 1938, Himmler also authorises the <a tabindex=\"0\" role=\"button\" class=\"glossary\" data-bs-toggle=\"popover\" data-bs-trigger=\"hover focus\" title=\"Gestapo\" data-bs-content-id=\"popover-id-3096\" aria-label=\"Gestapo - Glossary term\">Gestapo<\/a> to make arrests under the pretext of crime prevention. It can now also use the instrument of \u00bbprotective custody\u00ab against alleged \u00bbasocials\u00ab. Among those targeted are people who have refused or cancelled job offers. Himmler considered them to be hereditarily burdened \u00bblabour shysters\u00ab who only ever accepted jobs as a disguise. If they remained on the labour market, they could not be tracked down. To \u00bbpurge\u00ab them, he ordered unannounced mass round-ups and deportation to concentration camps.<\/p>\n<\/div><\/div><\/div>\n\n\n\n<div class=\"wp-block-boom-accordion accordion-item\"><h3 class=\"accordion-header\" id=\"heading-490c24ca-8ef0-45d8-92e2-b0308c58e12a\"><button class=\"accordion-button collapsed\" type=\"button\" aria-expanded=\"false\" aria-controls=\"collapse-490c24ca-8ef0-45d8-92e2-b0308c58e12a\"><span class=\"accordion-button-text\"><a>Continue reading: \u00bbOperation Work Shy Reich\u00ab<\/a><\/span><\/button><\/h3><div id=\"collapse-490c24ca-8ef0-45d8-92e2-b0308c58e12a\" class=\"accordion-collapse collapse\" aria-labelledby=\"heading-490c24ca-8ef0-45d8-92e2-b0308c58e12a\"><div class=\"accordion-body\">\n<p>In April 1938, the Gestapo arrested 2,000 alleged \u00bbwork-shy\u00ab individuals and deported them to Buchenwald concentration camp. Some were even detained at their workplaces, completely unaware of what was happening. From 13 to 18 June, the arrests continued across the Reich under the name \u00bbAktion Arbeitsscheu Reich\u00ab (\u00bbOperation Work Shy Reich\u00ab). Although each district of the Criminal Police was tasked with detaining 200 individuals, the police far exceeded this target: in total, they arrested more than 10,000 people classified as \u00bbasocial\u00ab. Among those detained were people living on their own means, homeless individuals, (alleged) prostitutes, as well as numerous Jews and Sinti. In Berlin alone, over 1.000 Jews were arrested on spurious charges and immediately deported to the concentration camps at Buchenwald, Dachau, and Sachsenhausen. For a short period, those arrested in this operation became the largest group of prisoners in the camps, distinguishable by the markings assigned to them, such as the black triangle.<\/p>\n<\/div><\/div><\/div>\n\n\n\n<div class=\"wp-block-boom-accordion accordion-item\"><h3 class=\"accordion-header\" id=\"heading-c11467e0-b5bf-4496-9368-0a78a6a50997\"><button class=\"accordion-button collapsed\" type=\"button\" aria-expanded=\"false\" aria-controls=\"collapse-c11467e0-b5bf-4496-9368-0a78a6a50997\"><span class=\"accordion-button-text\"><a>Continue reading: \u00bbhousing estates for asocials\u00ab as forced communal institutions<\/a><\/span><\/button><\/h3><div id=\"collapse-c11467e0-b5bf-4496-9368-0a78a6a50997\" class=\"accordion-collapse collapse\" aria-labelledby=\"heading-c11467e0-b5bf-4496-9368-0a78a6a50997\"><div class=\"accordion-body\">\n<p>Another site of National Socialist persecution were the \u00bbhousing estates for asocials\u00ab (\u00bb<a tabindex=\"0\" role=\"button\" class=\"glossary\" data-bs-toggle=\"popover\" data-bs-trigger=\"hover focus\" title=\"Asoziale\" data-bs-content-id=\"popover-id-3052\" aria-label=\"Asoziale - Glossary term\">Asoziale<\/a>nsiedlungen\u00ab). These were built by local authorities, usually on the outskirts of large cities, under their own initiative. By the end of the 1930s, the settlements were severely overcrowded. Instead of providing welfare support to families in precarious circumstances, the National Socialists forced them to move into these settlements.<\/p>\n\n\n\n<p>The National Socialists believed in the hereditary nature of alleged \u00bbasociality\u00ab. The capture, imprisonment, control and \u00bbbreaking apart\u00ab of supposedly \u00bbasocial extended families\u00ab became a central concern of racial hygienists. They also carried out \u00bbscreening\u00ab for this purpose. In the housing estates, the families are subjected to checks by the welfare office and the police &#8211; the supervision extends to monitoring the general peace and nighttime curfews. Anyone who does not comply with the regulations is penalised. The estates were not closed camps, but coercive facilities. Racial hygienists, authorities and the police decide whether the residents are transferred to closed institutions and concentration camps or whether they are offered the prospect of housing in the city.<\/p>\n<\/div><\/div><\/div>\n\n\n\n<div class=\"wp-block-boom-accordion accordion-item\"><h3 class=\"accordion-header\" id=\"heading-9e025a0d-1dd9-4622-b414-b314e3c6d7f2\"><button class=\"accordion-button collapsed\" type=\"button\" aria-expanded=\"false\" aria-controls=\"collapse-9e025a0d-1dd9-4622-b414-b314e3c6d7f2\"><span class=\"accordion-button-text\">Continue reading: The Austrian model of radicalisation: the \u00bbCommission on Asocials\u00ab<\/span><\/button><\/h3><div id=\"collapse-9e025a0d-1dd9-4622-b414-b314e3c6d7f2\" class=\"accordion-collapse collapse\" aria-labelledby=\"heading-9e025a0d-1dd9-4622-b414-b314e3c6d7f2\"><div class=\"accordion-body\">\n<p>After the invasion of the <a tabindex=\"0\" role=\"button\" class=\"glossary\" data-bs-toggle=\"popover\" data-bs-trigger=\"hover focus\" title=\"Wehrmacht\" data-bs-content-id=\"popover-id-4043\" aria-label=\"Wehrmacht - Glossary term\">Wehrmacht<\/a> and the incorporation of Austria into the German Reich in March 1938, persecution began here as well. The authorities immediately started deportations and camp admissions. In 1940, the new Reich Governor and <a tabindex=\"0\" role=\"button\" class=\"glossary\" data-bs-toggle=\"popover\" data-bs-trigger=\"hover focus\" title=\"Gauleiter\" data-bs-content-id=\"popover-id-3977\" aria-label=\"Gauleiter - Glossary term\">Gauleiter<\/a> of Vienna, Baldur von Schirach, called for a more radical approach. Allegedly in response to football riots in which his car had been damaged, he ordered \u00bbthe asocial elements of Vienna\u00ab to be \u00bbidentified\u00ab. 500 people were to be arrested at short notice.<\/p>\n\n\n\n<p>Shortly afterwards, an Austrian peculiarity was established: in Vienna, the N<a tabindex=\"0\" role=\"button\" class=\"glossary\" data-bs-toggle=\"popover\" data-bs-trigger=\"hover focus\" title=\"SD\" data-bs-content-id=\"popover-id-3997\" aria-label=\"SD - Glossary term\">SD<\/a>AP, the criminal police, the labour office and central offices of the Vienna municipal administration formed an \u00bbCommission on Asocials\u00ab (\u00bbAsozialenkommission\u00ab) from 1941. It expedited committals and decided on individual cases &#8211; without ever hearing the person concerned. Initially, the commission focused on institutionalising men until the Gestapo claimed jurisdiction. After that, women were targeted, and the criminal investigation department carried out street raids against them. The commission was always chaired by doctors, all of them representatives of \u00bbracial hygiene\u00ab. The last person to hold this office was Ernst Illing, who was executed in 1946 for his role in the \u00bbeuthanasia\u00ab of children. In addition to the doctors, welfare officers played an important role: they helped decide which women were considered \u00bbasocial\u00ab.<\/p>\n\n\n\n<p>In Vienna, 563 men and 651 women were deported to institutions and concentration camps as a result of applications made by the \u00bbCommission on Asocials\u00ab. The certificates issued by the commission lent an appearance of legality to its actions. For the victims, these committals meant forced labour, physical abuse up to and including torture, and, often, lethal imprisonment in the camps.<\/p>\n<\/div><\/div><\/div>\n\n\n\n<div class=\"wp-block-boom-spacer\" style=\"height:1.7rem\"><\/div>\n\n\n\n<hr class=\"wp-block-separator has-css-opacity\"\/>\n\n\n\n<h2 class=\"wp-block-heading\" id=\"sprungmarke-3-1933\"><strong><strong>Radicalisation and Extermination<\/strong><\/strong><\/h2>\n\n\n\n<p>With the outbreak of the Second World War in 1939, the National Socialists realigned the ideological goals of their crime-fighting policies. The terror of imprisonment in camps was less frequently justified by the threat to the \u00bbnational community\u00ab; instead, it increasingly referenced its \u00bbdamage\u00ab and the need for the \u00bberadication of the people&#8217;s pests\u00ab. The provisions for preventive detention were expanded once again. Women accused of prostitution could now face detention simply for breaching regulations imposed by health authorities. Young people also faced imprisonment in camps, as their control proved increasingly challenging for the regime during wartime. Beginning in 1940, the Reich Main Security Office established three \u00bbyouth protection camps\u00ab\u2014concentration camps for unruly, non-conformist, or allegedly \u00bbfeeble-minded\u00ab youths. There, the Racial Hygiene Research Centre subjected them to forced examinations and produced \u00bbprognoses\u00ab. Many were forcibly sterilised. These camps were overseen by the Female Criminal Police, led by the highest-ranking German policewoman, Friederike Wieking.<\/p>\n\n\n\n<p>As the Wehrmacht occupied vast parts of Europe, the National Socialists escalated their \u00bbwar within\u00ab. Beginning in 1941, they initiated the systematic killing of camp prisoners using poison gas. From 1942, the judiciary began transferring thousands of inmates from German prisons to the SS and police apparatus for deportation to concentration camps. As the war drew to a close, conditions in the camps deteriorated dramatically: many prisoners succumbed to disease and severe deprivation. It was only with the military victory of the Allies over the German Reich in 1945 that this reign of terror ended. The total number of individuals sent to concentration camps through preventive police detention is estimated at a minimum of 80,000. How many of them survived remains unknown.<\/p>\n\n\n\n<div class=\"wp-block-boom-accordion accordion-item\"><h3 class=\"accordion-header\" id=\"heading-96739f3d-47d6-4a12-800d-fdd01f14d6e4\"><button class=\"accordion-button collapsed\" type=\"button\" aria-expanded=\"false\" aria-controls=\"collapse-96739f3d-47d6-4a12-800d-fdd01f14d6e4\"><span class=\"accordion-button-text\"><a>Continue reading: Gas murder of prisoners<\/a><\/span><\/button><\/h3><div id=\"collapse-96739f3d-47d6-4a12-800d-fdd01f14d6e4\" class=\"accordion-collapse collapse\" aria-labelledby=\"heading-96739f3d-47d6-4a12-800d-fdd01f14d6e4\"><div class=\"accordion-body\">\n<p>From spring 1941 onwards, thousands of concentration camp inmates fell victim to an ongoing mass crime known as the \u00bbeuthanasia murders\u00ab. Members of medical commissions, who had been conducting \u00bbselections\u00ab on residents of institutions and people with disabilities since early 1940, were now dispatched to concentration camps. In coordination with the respective camp administrations, they selected prisoners to be murdered using carbon monoxide gas in the \u00bbeuthanasia\u00ab killing centres at Bernburg, Sonnenstein, and Hartheim. Prisoners deemed by the National Socialists to be \u00bbno longer fit for labour\u00ab were targeted for deportation to their deaths. Increasingly, this also included members of prisoner groups particularly despised by the National Socialists, such as Jews and \u00bbasocials\u00ab.<\/p>\n\n\n\n<p>In 1942, however, the Main Economic and Administrative Office of the SS issued a circular decree that introduced stricter selection criteria. The sole reason for this change was the increased demand for labour in the armaments industry.<\/p>\n\n\n\n<p>This mass murder, which claimed the lives of up to 20,000 people, was given the code name \u00bb14f13\u00ab.<\/p>\n<\/div><\/div><\/div>\n\n\n\n<div class=\"wp-block-boom-accordion accordion-item\"><h3 class=\"accordion-header\" id=\"heading-71cb2a53-c2af-45cd-ba01-8ad36f7e6083\"><button class=\"accordion-button collapsed\" type=\"button\" aria-expanded=\"false\" aria-controls=\"collapse-71cb2a53-c2af-45cd-ba01-8ad36f7e6083\"><span class=\"accordion-button-text\"><a>Continue reading: The Himmler-Thierack Agreement<\/a><\/span><\/button><\/h3><div id=\"collapse-71cb2a53-c2af-45cd-ba01-8ad36f7e6083\" class=\"accordion-collapse collapse\" aria-labelledby=\"heading-71cb2a53-c2af-45cd-ba01-8ad36f7e6083\"><div class=\"accordion-body\">\n<p>As the war dragged on, the rising number of Wehrmacht casualties intensified the Nazi leadership&#8217;s existing fear of a hereditary weakening of the \u00bbnational community\u00ab. Against this backdrop, Hitler repeatedly and publicly demanded that criminals should not be \u00bbpreserved\u00ab. In August 1942, the newly appointed Reich Minister of Justice, Otto Thierack, reached an agreement with Reichsf\u00fchrer SS Heinrich Himmler, the head of the German police. According to this agreement, all individuals in preventive detention, \u00bbasocial elements\u00ab, and other prisoner groups held in penal institutions were to be \u00bbhanded over to the Reichsf\u00fchrer SS for extermination through labour.\u00ab In the months that followed, judicial authorities transferred up to 20.000 prisoners and individuals in preventive detention to concentration camps. There, thousands suffered and died as a result of forced hard labour and inadequate care.<\/p>\n<\/div><\/div><\/div>\n\n\n\n<div class=\"wp-block-boom-spacer\" style=\"height:2rem\"><\/div>\n\n\n\n<hr class=\"wp-block-separator has-alpha-channel-opacity is-style-default\"\/>\n\n\n\n<h2 class=\"wp-block-heading\" id=\"sprungmarke-4-1933\">The European dimension &#8211; four spotlights<\/h2>\n\n\n\n<p>During the Second World War, German military, SS and police units occupied large parts of Europe. They waged an extermination campaign against the civilian population &#8211; especially in Eastern Europe &#8211; and murdered millions of people, including six million Jews and hundreds of thousands of Roma and Sinti. In many places between the North Sea and the Black Sea, the German occupiers also took action against people they considered to be \u00bbhabitual criminals\u00ab, \u00bbcareer criminals\u00ab and \u00bbasocials\u00ab.<\/p>\n\n\n\n<div class=\"wp-block-boom-accordion accordion-item\"><h3 class=\"accordion-header\" id=\"heading-5a8e288d-02a9-4dc9-8c3b-daa9fc90f229\"><button class=\"accordion-button collapsed\" type=\"button\" aria-expanded=\"false\" aria-controls=\"collapse-5a8e288d-02a9-4dc9-8c3b-daa9fc90f229\"><span class=\"accordion-button-text\"><a>Continue reading: In occupied Poland<\/a><\/span><\/button><\/h3><div id=\"collapse-5a8e288d-02a9-4dc9-8c3b-daa9fc90f229\" class=\"accordion-collapse collapse\" aria-labelledby=\"heading-5a8e288d-02a9-4dc9-8c3b-daa9fc90f229\"><div class=\"accordion-body\">\n<p>On 1 September 1939, the Wehrmacht attacks Poland. After the defeat of the Polish army, the western part of the country was annexed by the German Reich, while the eastern part was taken over by the Soviet Union. The German occupiers expelled hundreds of thousands of Polish citizens and committed the first mass murders.<\/p>\n\n\n\n<p>On 10 May 1940, police forces under Bruno Streckenbach, commander of the Security Police and SD in Krakow, began a new wave of mass shootings. The occupying forces referred to these murders as the \u00bbExtraordinary Pacification Operation\u00ab (\u00bbAu\u00dferordentliche Befriedungsaktion\u00ab). According to Streckenbach, the operation targeted the Polish resistance as well as \u00bbcriminal elements\u00ab. At a police meeting in late May 1940, he outlined plans to \u00bbliquidate 3,000 career criminals (&#8230;)\u00ab to free up space in the prisons. Around the same time, the German authorities introduced special legislation targeting the Polish population. From 1941, the supplementary \u00bbPolish penal code\u00ab (\u00bb<a tabindex=\"0\" role=\"button\" class=\"glossary\" data-bs-toggle=\"popover\" data-bs-trigger=\"hover focus\" title=\"Polenstrafrechtsverordnung\" data-bs-content-id=\"popover-id-3984\" aria-label=\"Polenstrafrechtsverordnung - Glossary term\">Polenstrafrechtsverordnung<\/a>\u00ab) drastically expanded the use of severe punishments, including the death penalty and deportation to camps.<\/p>\n\n\n\n<p>From 1942, Polish children and young people were also threatened with imprisonment. In the annexed city of \u0141\u00f3d\u017a, the German administration set up one of the three youth concentration camps in the German Reich, the \u00bbLitzmannstadt Polish Youth Detention Camp\u00ab. The police only needed to accuse the children of unauthorised acquisition of ration cards to commit them. Additionally, children of murdered resistance fighters were also deported here. Many died from malnutrition and disease. Hans Muthesius, a senior official in the Reich Ministry of the Interior and later a key figure in postwar social reforms in West Germany, developed the regulations governing these internments.<\/p>\n<\/div><\/div><\/div>\n\n\n\n<div class=\"wp-block-boom-accordion accordion-item\"><h3 class=\"accordion-header\" id=\"heading-3cff1c2b-af19-4571-84ae-70f90bafc53e\"><button class=\"accordion-button collapsed\" type=\"button\" aria-expanded=\"false\" aria-controls=\"collapse-3cff1c2b-af19-4571-84ae-70f90bafc53e\"><span class=\"accordion-button-text\"><a>Continue reading: After the invasion of the Soviet Union<\/a><\/span><\/button><\/h3><div id=\"collapse-3cff1c2b-af19-4571-84ae-70f90bafc53e\" class=\"accordion-collapse collapse\" aria-labelledby=\"heading-3cff1c2b-af19-4571-84ae-70f90bafc53e\"><div class=\"accordion-body\">\n<p>The National Socialists regarded the communist Soviet Union as their primary ideological enemy, despite the non-aggression pact signed by the two regimes in 1939. The Nazi leadership\u2019s \u00bbanti-Bolshevism\u00ab fused extreme anti-communism with virulent antisemitism. In a secret speech in March 1941, Hitler referred to Bolshevism as \u00bbasocial criminality\u00ab.<\/p>\n\n\n\n<p>Beginning in June 1941, three million German soldiers invaded the Soviet Union, followed by SS and police units. This marked the start of a declared war of extermination. Initially, Communist Party officials and Jewish men were targeted and executed, but entire Jewish communities soon followed. The Einsatzgruppen of the Security Police and SD regularly reported the scope of these murders to Berlin in detail. Their reports often listed \u00bbasocials\u00ab or \u00bbcareer criminals\u00ab among the victims of mass shootings or individual executions. Local collaborators frequently aided the Germans in carrying out these atrocities.<\/p>\n<\/div><\/div><\/div>\n\n\n\n<div class=\"wp-block-boom-accordion accordion-item\"><h3 class=\"accordion-header\" id=\"heading-3e5b5f9f-a57a-46b3-b643-854dcf644021\"><button class=\"accordion-button collapsed\" type=\"button\" aria-expanded=\"false\" aria-controls=\"collapse-3e5b5f9f-a57a-46b3-b643-854dcf644021\"><span class=\"accordion-button-text\"><a>Continue reading: The demolition of the Marseille harbour district<\/a><\/span><\/button><\/h3><div id=\"collapse-3e5b5f9f-a57a-46b3-b643-854dcf644021\" class=\"accordion-collapse collapse\" aria-labelledby=\"heading-3e5b5f9f-a57a-46b3-b643-854dcf644021\"><div class=\"accordion-body\">\n<p>After the Wehrmacht\u2019s victory over France in June 1940, the north of the country fell under German occupation, followed by the south in 1942. The southern French city of Marseille, particularly the historic Old Port neighbourhood, was seen by Hitler and Himmler as a hub of resistance and labeled the \u00bbpigsty of France\u00ab. In 1943, the SS cleared the neighbourhood and systematically demolished it house by house.<\/p>\n\n\n\n<p>Political, social, and racial motives for persecution intersected in this operation. The majority of the 20.000 evicted residents were sent to a transit camp. Approximately 800 Jews were deported to the Sobibor extermination camp in occupied Poland. Another 800 individuals were sent to the Sachsenhausen and Mauthausen concentration camps, accused by the Nazis of resistance.<\/p>\n<\/div><\/div><\/div>\n\n\n\n<div class=\"wp-block-boom-accordion accordion-item\"><h3 class=\"accordion-header\" id=\"heading-d905e83b-1c79-4346-b8c6-96c3511187c2\"><button class=\"accordion-button collapsed\" type=\"button\" aria-expanded=\"false\" aria-controls=\"collapse-d905e83b-1c79-4346-b8c6-96c3511187c2\"><span class=\"accordion-button-text\"><a>Continue reading: <strong>Raids in Copenhagen<\/strong><\/a><\/span><\/button><\/h3><div id=\"collapse-d905e83b-1c79-4346-b8c6-96c3511187c2\" class=\"accordion-collapse collapse\" aria-labelledby=\"heading-d905e83b-1c79-4346-b8c6-96c3511187c2\"><div class=\"accordion-body\">\n<p>In April 1940, the Wehrmacht occupied Denmark. The National Socialists claimed to establish a \u00bbmodel protectorate\u00ab there, as they considered the Danish population to be \u00bbGermans\u00ab. Initially, there was little resistance to the occupation, but dissent grew increasingly open over time.<\/p>\n\n\n\n<p>On 2 October 1943, Danish resistance members thwarted the planned deportation of 7.000 Jews, transporting them to safety in Sweden by boats. Despite protests from the Danish government, the Germans deported 500 Jews to the Theresienstadt concentration camp. In response to acts of sabotage by the underground resistance, the Gestapo and SD escalated their terror tactics, blowing up private homes and imposing curfews. Danish workers retaliated with strikes and street blockades lasting for days.<\/p>\n\n\n\n<p>In 1944, the Gestapo and Kripo conducted targeted raids in Copenhagen\u2019s caf\u00e9s and pubs, using criminal police records to identify suspects. Several hundred men were arrested and labeled as \u00bbasocials\u00ab or \u00bbhabitual criminals\u00ab. Some were sent to the Fr\u00f8slev internment camp near the German-Danish border, while until January 1945 at least 420 men were deported to the Neuengamme concentration camp.<\/p>\n<\/div><\/div><\/div>\n\n\n\n<p><\/p>\n<div class=\"popovers-wrapper\"><div id=\"popover-id-4043\" class=\"d-none\">\n<p>Das deutsche Milit\u00e4r hei\u00dft ab 1935 Wehrmacht. Bis 1945 schw\u00f6ren insgesamt 17 Millionen Soldaten ihren unbedingten Gehorsam auf die Person Adolf Hitlers. Die Wehrmacht \u00fcberf\u00e4llt und besetzt fast alle L\u00e4nder Europas und ver\u00fcbt zahlreiche Kriegsverbrechen: Sie brennt ganze Orte nieder und f\u00fchrt im Osten einen Vernichtungskrieg gegen J\u00fcdinnen und Juden, Sinti und Roma sowie die weitere Bev\u00f6lkerung. Erst in den 1990er Jahren findet eine kontroverse Auseinandersetzung mit den Verbrechen der Wehrmacht statt.<\/p>\n<\/div><div id=\"popover-id-4003\" class=\"d-none\">\n<p>Die SS (\u00bbSchutzstaffel\u00ab) unter der Leitung von Heinrich Himmler versteht sich als elit\u00e4rer Wehrverband des nationalsozialistischen Staates. Mit der \u00dcbernahme und dem Umbau der Polizei durch Himmler wird die SS zum zentralen Terrorinstrument des Regimes. 1934 erh\u00e4lt sie erh\u00e4lt die Kontrolle \u00fcber s\u00e4mtliche Konzentrationslager. Das 1939 gebildete Reichssicherheitshauptamt, die Planungszentrale f\u00fcr die Verbrechen im deutsch besetzten Europa, ist ihr zugeordnet.<\/p>\n<\/div><div id=\"popover-id-3997\" class=\"d-none\">\n<p>Der SD (Sicherheitsdienst des Reichsf\u00fchrers SS) wird 1931 durch den Reichsf\u00fchrer SS Heinrich Himmler zun\u00e4chst als Nachrichtendienst der SS (Schutzstaffel) gebildet und soll Informationen \u00fcber politische Gegner\/-innen und Oppositionsstr\u00f6mungen innerhalb der Nationalsozialisten sammeln. Ab 1934 wird der SD zum Nachrichtendienst der NSDAP. Er untersteht Reinhard Heydrich, der den SD 1939 im neugebildeten Reichssicherheitshauptamt mit der Sicherheitspolizei (Gestapo und Kripo) zusammenlegt.<\/p>\n<\/div><div id=\"popover-id-3996\" class=\"d-none\">\n<p>Die Sturmabteilung ist der auf Adolf Hitler eingeschworene Wehrverband der NSDAP. Die SA sch\u00fcrt Antisemitismus und greift politische Gegner\/-innen an. Nach der Ernennung Hitlers zum Reichskanzler dient die SA in Preu\u00dfen als \u00bbHilfspolizei\u00ab, verhaftet und qu\u00e4lt Menschen, oft in \u00bbwilden\u00ab Lagern. 1934 geh\u00f6ren ihr etwa vier Millionen M\u00e4nner an. \u00a0Den Versuch der SA-F\u00fchrung, aus ihr eine allumfassende Parteimiliz zu formen, beantwortet Hitler mit ihrer Entmachtung.<\/p>\n<\/div><div id=\"popover-id-3984\" class=\"d-none\">\n<p>Die deutsche Gewaltherrschaft in den besetzten Gebieten beruht neben unmittelbarem Terror auch auf Justizunrecht. In Polen versch\u00e4rft der Reichsf\u00fchrer SS Heinrich Himmler als Chef der deutschen Polizei 1941 massiv die Strafen. Mit der Polenstrafrechtsverordnung drohen Lager und Todesstrafe schon f\u00fcr kleine Vergehen. Darunter f\u00e4llt Allt\u00e4gliches wie Fahrradfahren oder Gastst\u00e4ttenbesuche. Das rassistische Sonderstrafrecht trifft auch die polnischen Zwangsarbeiter\/-innen im Reichsgebiet.<\/p>\n<\/div><div id=\"popover-id-3977\" class=\"d-none\">\n<p>Der Gauleiter ist ein f\u00fchrendes Mitglied der NSDAP und f\u00fcr eine bestimmte Provinz, den sogenannten Gau, verantwortlich. Er hat urspr\u00fcnglich die Aufgabe, die Aktivit\u00e4ten der Partei und ihrer Organisationen innerhalb seines Gaus zu organisieren. Nach der Macht\u00fcbernahme der Nationalsozialisten 1933 bauen die Gauleiter ihren Einflussbereich aus und \u00fcbernehmen vermehrt auch staatliche Aufgaben.<\/p>\n<\/div><div id=\"popover-id-3114\" class=\"d-none\">\n<p>Die Kriminalpolizei (\u00bbKri\u00adpo\u00ab), ein regul\u00e4rer Zweig der Polizeiarbeit f\u00fcr die Verfolgung von Straftaten, ist im Nationalsozialismus neben anderen Aufgaben f\u00fcr die Kontrolle und Verfolgung \u00bbGemeinschaftsfremder\u00ab zust\u00e4ndig. \u00a0Als \u00bbBerufsverbrecher\u00ab oder \u00bbAsoziale\u00ab bezeichnete Personen werden von ihr planm\u00e4\u00dfig \u00fcberwacht und zeitlich unbeschr\u00e4nkt in Haft genommen.<br>Die Beurteilung, was als \u00bbasoziales Verhalten\u00ab gilt, bleibt den Polizisten \u00fcberlassen \u2013 kleinste Verhaltensauff\u00e4lligkeiten k\u00f6nnen zur Inhaftierung f\u00fchren.<\/p>\n<\/div><div id=\"popover-id-3096\" class=\"d-none\">\n<p>Die Nationalsozialisten schaffen die \u00bbGeheime Staatspolizei\u00ab zur Bek\u00e4mpfung politischer Gegner\/-innen. Auch an der Verfolgung von Minderheiten ist sie ma\u00dfgeblich beteiligt. Ohne richterliche Pr\u00fcfung k\u00f6nnen Beamte Wohnungen durchsuchen, Personen inhaftieren, in Konzentrationslager bringen oder ermorden. Sie erzwingen in Verh\u00f6ren Gest\u00e4ndnisse unter Folter. In den besetzten Gebieten sind Ge\u00adstapo\u00adbeamte an Massenerschie\u00dfungen und anderen Verbrechen beteiligt.<\/p>\n<\/div><div id=\"popover-id-3052\" class=\"d-none\">\n<p>Menschen werden als \u00bbA\u00adsoziale\u00ab bezeichnet und verfolgt, weil sie in der nationalsozialistischen \u00bbVolksgemeinschaft\u00ab keinen Platz haben. Das betrifft vor allem Arbeits- oder Wohnungslose, Bettler, F\u00fcrsorgeempf\u00e4nger\/-innen, Prostituierte oder unangepasste Jugendliche. Ihnen wird vorgeworfen, die Gemeinschaft zu gef\u00e4hrden. Bei ihrer Verfolgung arbeiten Beh\u00f6rden wie F\u00fcrsorge\u00e4mter, Justiz und Polizei zusammen. Sie schaffen ein engmaschiges Netz aus \u00dcberwachungs- und Zwangsma\u00dfnahmen.<\/p>\n<\/div><\/div>","protected":false},"excerpt":{"rendered":"<p>Injustice under the guise of \u00bbdanger defence\u00ab (\u00bbGefahrenabwehr\u00ab) Just a few weeks after Adolf Hitler came to power in 1933, the National Socialists suspended fundamental rights with the decree \u00bbfor the protection of the people and the state\u00ab (\u00bbReichstag Fire Decree). However, many of those later persecuted as \u00bbasocials\u00ab or \u00bbcareer criminals\u00ab did not perceive [&hellip;]<\/p>\n","protected":false},"author":5,"featured_media":0,"parent":4239,"menu_order":0,"comment_status":"closed","ping_status":"closed","template":"chronology.php","meta":{"_acf_changed":false,"footnotes":""},"class_list":["post-4237","page","type-page","status-publish","hentry"],"acf":[],"yoast_head":"<!-- This site is optimized with the Yoast SEO plugin v23.5 - https:\/\/yoast.com\/wordpress\/plugins\/seo\/ -->\n<title>1933\u20131945: Persecution | Die Verleugneten<\/title>\n<meta name=\"robots\" content=\"index, follow, max-snippet:-1, max-image-preview:large, max-video-preview:-1\" \/>\n<link rel=\"canonical\" href=\"https:\/\/www.die-verleugneten.de\/en\/timeline\/1933-1945-persecution\/\" \/>\n<meta property=\"og:locale\" content=\"en_US\" \/>\n<meta property=\"og:type\" content=\"article\" \/>\n<meta property=\"og:title\" content=\"1933\u20131945: Persecution | Die Verleugneten\" \/>\n<meta property=\"og:description\" content=\"Injustice under the guise of \u00bbdanger defence\u00ab (\u00bbGefahrenabwehr\u00ab) Just a few weeks after Adolf Hitler came to power in 1933, the National Socialists suspended fundamental rights with the decree \u00bbfor the protection of the people and the state\u00ab (\u00bbReichstag Fire Decree). 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