{"id":4238,"date":"2022-03-21T17:23:25","date_gmt":"2022-03-21T16:23:25","guid":{"rendered":"https:\/\/www.die-verleugneten.de\/1945-2020-verleugnung\/"},"modified":"2025-01-29T16:06:38","modified_gmt":"2025-01-29T15:06:38","slug":"1945-2020-disavowal","status":"publish","type":"page","link":"https:\/\/www.die-verleugneten.de\/en\/timeline\/1945-2020-disavowal\/","title":{"rendered":"1945\u20132020: Disavowal"},"content":{"rendered":"\n<p>For decades after the war, there was neither recognition nor commemoration of those people whom the Nazis had termed \u00bbcommunity aliens\u00ab. It was not until February 2020, after decades of disavowal, that the German Bundestag recognised \u00bbcareer criminals\u00ab and \u00bbasocials\u00ab as victims of National Socialism. Why did it take so long for them to be recognised as victims? Who campaigned on their behalf? And what steps were necessary for their suffering to finally be acknowledged?  <\/p>\n\n\n\n<h2 class=\"wp-block-heading\" id=\"sprungmarke-1-1945\">Joining forces<\/h2>\n\n\n\n<h3 class=\"wp-block-heading\">\u00bbThe Forgotten Ones\u00ab (1946)<\/h3>\n\n\n\n<div class=\"wp-block-boom-spacer\" style=\"height:2rem\"><\/div>\n\n\n\n<p>In 1946 a group of people who had been persecuted as \u00bbasocials\u00ab and \u00bbcareer criminals\u00ab formed an association in Munich called <em>Die Vergessenen<\/em> &#8211; <em>The Forgotten Ones <\/em>. The members were all survivors of Dachau concentration camp. Through the association they made clear their disappointment at the lack of solidarity shown by other former prisoners. Between May and July 1946, <em>The Forgotten Ones<\/em> published three monthly bulletins under the title \u00bbTruth and Justice! \u203aBlack-Green\u2039: Internal Information Bulletin of Former Concentration Camp Prisoners with the Black or Green Triangle in Germany\u00ab. The bulletin urged former fellow prisoners to join forces and stand up for the \u00bbgood reputation of the blacks and greens\u00ab. However, their campaign came to an abrupt end when the US military administration banned it after just a few months. The ban came about because many people continued to believe that the persecution of \u00bbasocials\u00ab and \u00bbcareer criminals\u00ab had been justified.<\/p>\n\n\n\n<div class=\"wp-block-columns is-layout-flex wp-container-core-columns-is-layout-9d6595d7 wp-block-columns-is-layout-flex\">\n<div class=\"wp-block-column is-layout-flow wp-block-column-is-layout-flow\" style=\"flex-basis:70%\">\n<figure class=\"wp-block-image size-large\"><img loading=\"lazy\" decoding=\"async\" width=\"570\" height=\"800\" src=\"https:\/\/www.die-verleugneten.de\/wp-content\/uploads\/2022\/08\/titelblatt-zeitschrift-wahrheit-und-recht-arolsen-archives-570x800.jpg\" alt=\"Front page of the bulletin \u00bbTruth and Justice!\u00ab\" class=\"wp-image-3363\" srcset=\"https:\/\/www.die-verleugneten.de\/wp-content\/uploads\/2022\/08\/titelblatt-zeitschrift-wahrheit-und-recht-arolsen-archives-570x800.jpg 570w, https:\/\/www.die-verleugneten.de\/wp-content\/uploads\/2022\/08\/titelblatt-zeitschrift-wahrheit-und-recht-arolsen-archives-392x550.jpg 392w, https:\/\/www.die-verleugneten.de\/wp-content\/uploads\/2022\/08\/titelblatt-zeitschrift-wahrheit-und-recht-arolsen-archives.jpg 604w\" sizes=\"auto, (max-width: 570px) 100vw, 570px\" \/><figcaption class=\"wp-element-caption\">Front page of the bulletin \u00bbTruth and Justice!\u00ab<br><sub>Source: Arolsen Archives<\/sub><\/figcaption><\/figure>\n\n\n\n<div class=\"wp-block-boom-accordion accordion-item\"><h3 class=\"accordion-header\" id=\"heading-1807aa3d-1824-43d5-bc59-3b740ca41a33\"><button class=\"accordion-button collapsed\" type=\"button\" aria-expanded=\"false\" aria-controls=\"collapse-1807aa3d-1824-43d5-bc59-3b740ca41a33\"><span class=\"accordion-button-text\">Transkript<\/span><\/button><\/h3><div id=\"collapse-1807aa3d-1824-43d5-bc59-3b740ca41a33\" class=\"accordion-collapse collapse\" aria-labelledby=\"heading-1807aa3d-1824-43d5-bc59-3b740ca41a33\"><div class=\"accordion-body\">\n<p class=\"has-text-align-center\"><em>TRUTH and JUSTICE!<\/em><\/p>\n\n\n\n<p><em>\u201cBlack-Green\u201d<\/em><\/p>\n\n\n\n<p class=\"has-text-align-center\"><em>Internal Information Bulletin of Former Concentration Camp Prisoners with the Black or Green Triangle in Germany<\/em><em><\/em><\/p>\n\n\n\n<div class=\"wp-block-columns is-layout-flex wp-container-core-columns-is-layout-9d6595d7 wp-block-columns-is-layout-flex\">\n<div class=\"wp-block-column is-layout-flow wp-block-column-is-layout-flow\">\n<p>No. 1<\/p>\n<\/div>\n\n\n\n<div class=\"wp-block-column is-layout-flow wp-block-column-is-layout-flow\">\n<p class=\"has-text-align-right\">Munich, May 1946<\/p>\n<\/div>\n<\/div>\n\n\n\n<p class=\"has-text-align-center\">Join in!<\/p>\n\n\n\n<p class=\"has-text-align-center\">Former Concentration Camp Prisoners! \u201cBlacks!\u201d \u201cGreens!\u201d<\/p>\n\n\n\n<div class=\"wp-block-boom-spacer\" style=\"height:1.5rem\"><\/div>\n\n\n\n<p>I have in front of me a pamphlet from a former Buchenwald inmate, which has really made me think. It compels us to finally break our lengthy silence. <\/p>\n\n\n\n<p>Every line of this pamphlet is an accusation against us, against the Blacks and Greens; it is libel of the first order and necessitates a suitable response. <\/p>\n\n\n\n<p>We therefore urge you to take a stand against these nasty demagogues and manipulators of the worst kind! \u2013 \u2013<\/p>\n\n\n\n<p>We do not deserve such abuse from those who would do better to put their own house in order and dispense with the title \u201cpolitical prisoners\u201d.<\/p>\n\n\n\n<p>But because they are apparently blind to these matters, we will scrutinise them and open their eyes to their inglorious activities in the various concentration camps! \u2013<\/p>\n\n\n\n<p>Having faith in the decent character and determination of these *political prisoners*, we have remained silent up to now; we remained silent because we did not want to air dirty laundry in public, because we did not want to bring the trust and reputation of the former concentration camp inmates into further disrepute. Our silence seems to have been misinterpreted and it has not been appreciated. We will therefore fight back with all means at our disposal. Those who libel us will have to bear the consequences, for they will be discredited in the process.  <\/p>\n\n\n\n<p>We are being showered with fanatical hatred and evil and we will not hold back in our response, for if we accept this blow without reacting, we are no longer worthy to call ourselves concentration camp prisoners. <\/p>\n\n\n\n<p>Even if we are \u201casocials\u201d and \u201ccareer criminals\u201d, we have enough honour and strength of character to see that this type of troublemaking demands atonement! \u2013 \u2013<\/p>\n\n\n\n<p>For this reason, we urge you to fight alongside us for our rights and our reputation, despite all the malicious agitators!<\/p>\n\n\n\n<p>Unite in the fight for truth and justice, for a fair and honest fight!  Work with us, and against those who deserve to sit in the dock next to the accused <a tabindex=\"0\" role=\"button\" class=\"glossary\" data-bs-toggle=\"popover\" data-bs-trigger=\"hover focus\" title=\"SS\" data-bs-content-id=\"popover-id-4003\" aria-label=\"SS - Glossary term\">SS<\/a> guards.<\/p>\n\n\n\n<p>Our aims have nothing at all to do with politics or religion and serve solely to put right the untruths and libel that people are circulating about us, and to uphold our reputation. <\/p>\n\n\n\n<p>In this spirit, dear comrades, let us revive our former sense of comradeship and unrelentingly take up the fight that the pirates and freebooters have started against us!<\/p>\n\n\n\n<div class=\"wp-block-boom-spacer\" style=\"height:1.5rem\"><\/div>\n\n\n\n<div class=\"wp-block-columns is-layout-flex wp-container-core-columns-is-layout-9d6595d7 wp-block-columns-is-layout-flex\">\n<div class=\"wp-block-column is-layout-flow wp-block-column-is-layout-flow\">\n<p>Gg. Tauber,<\/p>\n<\/div>\n\n\n\n<div class=\"wp-block-column is-layout-flow wp-block-column-is-layout-flow\">\n<p class=\"has-text-align-right\">K. Jochheim-Armin, <\/p>\n<\/div>\n<\/div>\n\n\n\n<p class=\"has-text-align-center\">\u201cBlack\u201d and \u201cGreen\u201d<\/p>\n<\/div><\/div><\/div>\n<\/div>\n\n\n\n<div class=\"wp-block-column is-layout-flow wp-block-column-is-layout-flow\"><\/div>\n<\/div>\n\n\n\n<div class=\"wp-block-boom-spacer\" style=\"height:2rem\"><\/div>\n\n\n\n<div class=\"wp-block-boom-accordion accordion-item\"><h3 class=\"accordion-header\" id=\"heading-14cefe3c-8414-4ba2-82d4-af7dca39f675\"><button class=\"accordion-button collapsed\" type=\"button\" aria-expanded=\"false\" aria-controls=\"collapse-14cefe3c-8414-4ba2-82d4-af7dca39f675\"><span class=\"accordion-button-text\"><strong>Continue reading: A lack of solidarity from other former concentration camp prisoners<\/strong><\/span><\/button><\/h3><div id=\"collapse-14cefe3c-8414-4ba2-82d4-af7dca39f675\" class=\"accordion-collapse collapse\" aria-labelledby=\"heading-14cefe3c-8414-4ba2-82d4-af7dca39f675\"><div class=\"accordion-body\">\n<p>Just a few weeks after the last concentration camps were liberated, former concentration camp prisoners joined forces. They called for recognition of the injustice they had endured and for compensation. In a number of German towns, survivors who had been held in the camps as \u00bbpolitical\u00ab prisoners set up advice centres for people who had been persecuted under the Nazi regime. These centres issued proof of detention, which enabled people to access initial aid. However, they refused aid to certain groups who had been persecuted. These included those whom the SS had made wear a black triangle in the camps as \u00bbasocials\u00ab or a green triangle as \u00bbcareer criminals\u00ab. After the war, their former fellow inmates continued to stigmatise them as \u00bbasocial\u00ab and \u00bbcriminal\u00ab.<\/p>\n<\/div><\/div><\/div>\n\n\n\n<div class=\"wp-block-boom-accordion accordion-item\"><h3 class=\"accordion-header\" id=\"heading-099f0b7f-441b-4267-8977-0aabab5e5e27\"><button class=\"accordion-button collapsed\" type=\"button\" aria-expanded=\"false\" aria-controls=\"collapse-099f0b7f-441b-4267-8977-0aabab5e5e27\"><span class=\"accordion-button-text\"><strong>Continue reading: Georg Tauber \u2013 activist and artist<\/strong><\/span><\/button><\/h3><div id=\"collapse-099f0b7f-441b-4267-8977-0aabab5e5e27\" class=\"accordion-collapse collapse\" aria-labelledby=\"heading-099f0b7f-441b-4267-8977-0aabab5e5e27\"><div class=\"accordion-body\">\n<p>Georg Tauber was one of the two founders of the association, which also called itself <em>The Forgotten Ones: A Community of Fate<\/em>. After the war, Tauber, who had himself been interned in Dachau concentration camp as an \u00bbasocial\u00ab, produced at least 60 drawings and watercolours that captured for posterity the horror of the concentration camps and the experience of social exclusion. His anger and disappointment at the behaviour of the \u00bbpolitical\u00ab prisoners inspired the watercolour \u00bbThe Burden\u00ab (Die Last, 1946). These former fellow inmates did nothing to support Tauber and others who had been persecuted as \u00bbasocials\u00ab and \u00bbcriminals\u00ab and now continued to be rejected by mainstream society.<\/p>\n\n\n\n<div class=\"wp-block-boom-spacer\" style=\"height:2rem\"><\/div>\n\n\n\n<figure class=\"wp-block-video\"><video height=\"1080\" style=\"aspect-ratio: 1920 \/ 1080;\" width=\"1920\" controls src=\"https:\/\/www.die-verleugneten.de\/wp-content\/uploads\/2022\/08\/20220826-die-last-mit-ut-komprimiert.mp4\"><\/video><figcaption class=\"wp-element-caption\">Aquarell \u00bbDie Last\u00ab by Georg Tauber<br><sub>Source: Private collection<\/sub><\/figcaption><\/figure>\n<\/div><\/div><\/div>\n\n\n\n<div class=\"wp-block-boom-spacer\" style=\"height:2rem\"><\/div>\n\n\n\n<hr class=\"wp-block-separator has-css-opacity\"\/>\n\n\n\n<h2 class=\"wp-block-heading\" id=\"sprungmarke-2-1945\">Initiatives and associations<\/h2>\n\n\n\n<h3 class=\"wp-block-heading\">Efforts to keep memory alive<\/h3>\n\n\n\n<div class=\"wp-block-boom-spacer\" style=\"height:2rem\"><\/div>\n\n\n\n<p>After the war, people previously persecuted as \u00bbasocials\u00ab and \u00bbcareer criminals\u00ab had no organisation to represent their interests. &nbsp;There was one decisive reasons for this. First, the only thing they had in common was the way they had been categorised in National Socialist society. Only the independent <em>Association the Victims of \u00bbEuthanasia\u00ab and Forced Sterilisation<\/em>, founded in 1987, offered the possibility of dialogue. After all, many of those persecuted as \u00bbasocials\u00ab were also affected by forced sterilisation, which was ordered in many cases following a diagnosis of \u00bbcongenital idiocy\u00ab. The <em>Association for the Victims of \u00bbEuthanasia\u00ab and Forced Sterilisation<\/em> campaigned for the rehabilitation of all those who had forcibly sterilised. In 2007 the German Bundestag enacted a resolution to this effect.<\/p>\n\n\n\n<p>As the years progressed, additional initiatives, working groups and associations were founded, although not all of them were independent associations of people persecuted under National Socialism. These groups used various methods to campaign for the recognition of \u00bbasocials\u00ab and \u00bbcareer criminals\u00ab as victims of persecution.<\/p>\n\n\n\n<div class=\"wp-block-boom-accordion accordion-item\"><h3 class=\"accordion-header\" id=\"heading-80fc6880-1a70-44fc-aaa4-806fd65c77d7\"><button class=\"accordion-button collapsed\" type=\"button\" aria-expanded=\"false\" aria-controls=\"collapse-80fc6880-1a70-44fc-aaa4-806fd65c77d7\"><span class=\"accordion-button-text\"><strong>Continue reading: Grassroots remembrance<\/strong><\/span><\/button><\/h3><div id=\"collapse-80fc6880-1a70-44fc-aaa4-806fd65c77d7\" class=\"accordion-collapse collapse\" aria-labelledby=\"heading-80fc6880-1a70-44fc-aaa4-806fd65c77d7\"><div class=\"accordion-body\">\n<p>Since 1997 the Initiative to Establish a Memorial Site at the Former Uckermark Concentration Camp has organised regular digs on the grounds of this former youth concentration camp, where girls and young women were incarcerated, as well as workstays where volunteers carry out excavation and construction work and address the history of the camp. It also campaigns for the establishment of a memorial site. Since 2006 commemorative events and guided visits have taken place in the grounds of the former camp. The initiative has also financed a small monument, which was unveiled in 2009.<\/p>\n<\/div><\/div><\/div>\n\n\n\n<div class=\"wp-block-boom-accordion accordion-item\"><h3 class=\"accordion-header\" id=\"heading-52eb0b27-48d7-4bc4-bf44-b5ea98b7131c\"><button class=\"accordion-button collapsed\" type=\"button\" aria-expanded=\"false\" aria-controls=\"collapse-52eb0b27-48d7-4bc4-bf44-b5ea98b7131c\"><span class=\"accordion-button-text\">&nbsp;<strong>Continue reading: Campaigns by the unemployed workers\u2019 movement<\/strong><\/span><\/button><\/h3><div id=\"collapse-52eb0b27-48d7-4bc4-bf44-b5ea98b7131c\" class=\"accordion-collapse collapse\" aria-labelledby=\"heading-52eb0b27-48d7-4bc4-bf44-b5ea98b7131c\"><div class=\"accordion-body\">\n<p>In 2007 the working group <em>Marginalised in Past and Present<\/em> was established. It has its roots in the unemployed workers\u2019 movement and was set up in the context of protests against the controversial German unemployment benefit reform known as Hartz IV. The working group organised a large number of events and brought out two anthologies dealing with the persecution of supposed \u00bbasocials\u00ab under National Socialism and continuity (and change) in terms of the marginalisation of this group after the war. In the 2010s the working group was among the initiators of the memorial and exhibition on the site of the former workhouse in Rummelsburg (Berlin).<\/p>\n<\/div><\/div><\/div>\n\n\n\n<div class=\"wp-block-boom-accordion accordion-item\"><h3 class=\"accordion-header\" id=\"heading-88c2d9e9-8c27-4591-84ef-7e8888725638\"><button class=\"accordion-button collapsed\" type=\"button\" aria-expanded=\"false\" aria-controls=\"collapse-88c2d9e9-8c27-4591-84ef-7e8888725638\"><span class=\"accordion-button-text\"><strong>Continue reading: Artistic intervention<\/strong><\/span><\/button><\/h3><div id=\"collapse-88c2d9e9-8c27-4591-84ef-7e8888725638\" class=\"accordion-collapse collapse\" aria-labelledby=\"heading-88c2d9e9-8c27-4591-84ef-7e8888725638\"><div class=\"accordion-body\">\n<p>The <em>Central Council of Asocials in Deutschland (ZaiD) adopted an entirely different approach. The impetus was an art project set up by <\/em>Tuck\u00e9 Royale in 2015 through which he and a group of other artists campaigned for compensation for people persecuted as \u00bbasocials\u00ab and sought to draw attention to continuities between past and present with regard to the marginalisation of this group. Over a period of three years, the <em>ZaiD ran public art campaigns in Hamburg and Berlin under the slogan <\/em>\u00bbNo one is asocial\u00ab.<\/p>\n<\/div><\/div><\/div>\n\n\n\n<div class=\"wp-block-boom-accordion accordion-item\"><h3 class=\"accordion-header\" id=\"heading-ca7428db-0675-4dab-b144-7dd671d345cb\"><button class=\"accordion-button collapsed\" type=\"button\" aria-expanded=\"false\" aria-controls=\"collapse-ca7428db-0675-4dab-b144-7dd671d345cb\"><span class=\"accordion-button-text\"><strong>Continue reading: Rethinking forms of memory<\/strong><\/span><\/button><\/h3><div id=\"collapse-ca7428db-0675-4dab-b144-7dd671d345cb\" class=\"accordion-collapse collapse\" aria-labelledby=\"heading-ca7428db-0675-4dab-b144-7dd671d345cb\"><div class=\"accordion-body\">\n<p>For a number of years so-called Stolpersteine (\u00bbstumbling stones\u00ab) have also been laid to remember people classified by the Nazis as \u00bbasocials\u00ab or \u00bbcareer criminals\u00ab. However, a number of fundamental questions arise when considering Stolpersteine as a form of remembrance. Are the individuals concerned stigmatised once again by the reference to categories of persecution established by the Nazis? At which places or addresses can Stolpersteine be laid for people who were homeless or of no fixed abode? <\/p>\n\n\n\n<div class=\"wp-block-columns is-layout-flex wp-container-core-columns-is-layout-9d6595d7 wp-block-columns-is-layout-flex\">\n<div class=\"wp-block-column is-layout-flow wp-block-column-is-layout-flow\" style=\"flex-basis:70%\">\n<figure class=\"wp-block-image size-full\"><img decoding=\"async\" src=\"https:\/\/www.die-verleugneten.de\/wp-content\/uploads\/2022\/08\/erste-initiativen-stolpersteine-alexanderplatz.jpg\" alt=\"Stolpersteine on Alexanderplatz in Berlin. In April 2016 five Stolpersteine were laid to remember people persecuted by the Nazis for being \u00bbasocial\u00ab and \u00bbworkshy\u00ab.\" class=\"wp-image-3352\"\/><figcaption class=\"wp-element-caption\">Stolpersteine on Alexanderplatz in Berlin. In April 2016 five Stolpersteine were laid to remember people persecuted by the Nazis for being \u00bbasocial\u00ab and \u00bbworkshy\u00ab. <br><sub>Photo: Private collection<\/sub><\/figcaption><\/figure>\n\n\n\n<div class=\"wp-block-boom-accordion accordion-item\"><h3 class=\"accordion-header\" id=\"heading-9fe64f4f-a32e-4c3c-954b-f78c1cbac83b\"><button class=\"accordion-button collapsed\" type=\"button\" aria-expanded=\"false\" aria-controls=\"collapse-9fe64f4f-a32e-4c3c-954b-f78c1cbac83b\"><span class=\"accordion-button-text\">Transcript<\/span><\/button><\/h3><div id=\"collapse-9fe64f4f-a32e-4c3c-954b-f78c1cbac83b\" class=\"accordion-collapse collapse\" aria-labelledby=\"heading-9fe64f4f-a32e-4c3c-954b-f78c1cbac83b\"><div class=\"accordion-body\">\n<p class=\"has-text-align-center\">People of no fixed abode<br>were deemed asocial and workshy by the Nazis;<br>they were stigmatised, criminalised,<br>persecuted and murdered<\/p>\n\n\n\n<div class=\"wp-block-boom-spacer\" style=\"height:1rem\"><\/div>\n\n\n\n<p class=\"has-text-align-center\">Otto B\u00fclow<br>Born 1913<br>Arrested several times from 1931<br>lastly on 23 January 1941<br>\u00bbPreventive custody\u00ab <br>in Sachsenhausen.<br>Murdered 12 February 1943<\/p>\n\n\n\n<div class=\"wp-block-boom-spacer\" style=\"height:1rem\"><\/div>\n\n\n\n<p class=\"has-text-align-center\">Joachim Ebel,<br>Born 1919<br>Admitted to Rummelsburg workhouse<br>Arrested November 1942<br>Sachsenhausen<br>Murdered 4 February 1943<\/p>\n\n\n\n<div class=\"wp-block-boom-spacer\" style=\"height:1rem\"><\/div>\n\n\n\n<p class=\"has-text-align-center\">Paul Kobelt<br>Born 1892<br>Multiple spells in Rummelsburg workhouse after 1935<br>\u00bbPreventive custody\u00ab 9 February 1942<br>Sachsenhausen<br>Took his own life<br>25 March 1942<\/p>\n\n\n\n<div class=\"wp-block-boom-spacer\" style=\"height:1rem\"><\/div>\n\n\n\n<p class=\"has-text-align-center\">Willi Kochannek<br>Born 1907<br>Admitted to Rummelsburg workhouse<br>Arrested August 1942<br>Sachsenhausen<br>Murdered 20 August 1942<\/p>\n\n\n\n<div class=\"wp-block-boom-spacer\" style=\"height:1rem\"><\/div>\n\n\n\n<p class=\"has-text-align-center\">Karl Otto Mielke<br>Born 1909<br>Arrested 19 April 1939<br>Charlottenburg prison<br>\u00bbPreventive custody\u00ab 11 August 1939<br>Sachsenhausen<br>Murdered 24 January 1940<\/p>\n<\/div><\/div><\/div>\n<\/div>\n\n\n\n<div class=\"wp-block-column is-layout-flow wp-block-column-is-layout-flow\"><\/div>\n<\/div>\n<\/div><\/div><\/div>\n\n\n\n<div class=\"wp-block-boom-accordion accordion-item\"><h3 class=\"accordion-header\" id=\"heading-63445881-8603-49d7-bc21-b3e4f591bbac\"><button class=\"accordion-button collapsed\" type=\"button\" aria-expanded=\"false\" aria-controls=\"collapse-63445881-8603-49d7-bc21-b3e4f591bbac\"><span class=\"accordion-button-text\"><strong>Continue reading: No lobby for supposed \u00bbcareer criminals\u00ab<\/strong><\/span><\/button><\/h3><div id=\"collapse-63445881-8603-49d7-bc21-b3e4f591bbac\" class=\"accordion-collapse collapse\" aria-labelledby=\"heading-63445881-8603-49d7-bc21-b3e4f591bbac\"><div class=\"accordion-body\">\n<p>The persecution of people labelled \u00bbcareer criminals\u00ab by the Nazis was not confronted until recently. No initiative or organisation addressed the suffering of this group or the failure to acknowledge their persecution and award them compensation after the war. The initiative founded by Frank Nonnenmacher was the first to campaign actively for official recognition of the persecution of \u00bbcareer criminals\u00ab.<\/p>\n<\/div><\/div><\/div>\n\n\n\n<div class=\"wp-block-boom-spacer\" style=\"height:1.7rem\"><\/div>\n\n\n\n<hr class=\"wp-block-separator has-css-opacity\"\/>\n\n\n\n<h2 class=\"wp-block-heading\" id=\"sprungmarke-3-1945\">Initial research<\/h2>\n\n\n\n<h3 class=\"wp-block-heading\">Focus on previously unacknowledged victims of National Socialism <\/h3>\n\n\n\n<div class=\"wp-block-boom-spacer\" style=\"height:2rem\"><\/div>\n\n\n\n<p>It was not until four decades after the end of World War Two that the suffering of people persecuted as \u00bbasocials\u00ab, which had previously been ignored, was addressed publicly in West Germany. &nbsp;In the Bundestag the Green Party called on several occasions for the Federal Compensation Law to be extended to include the \u00bbforgotten victims\u00ab. At the same time, academics began to research the topic. Detlev Peukert and Gisela Bock are considered trailblazers in this field. In 1982 Peukert published the landmark monograph <em>Racial Comrades and Community Aliens, <\/em>which dealt with \u00bbracialism as social policy\u00ab under National Socialism. Four years later Bock published the first comprehensive study on forced sterilisation under National Socialism.<\/p>\n\n\n\n<div class=\"wp-block-boom-accordion accordion-item\"><h3 class=\"accordion-header\" id=\"heading-bc549d16-12c1-4f53-aea7-1a6e224418db\"><button class=\"accordion-button collapsed\" type=\"button\" aria-expanded=\"false\" aria-controls=\"collapse-bc549d16-12c1-4f53-aea7-1a6e224418db\"><span class=\"accordion-button-text\"><strong>Continue reading: The Hamburg project group<\/strong><\/span><\/button><\/h3><div id=\"collapse-bc549d16-12c1-4f53-aea7-1a6e224418db\" class=\"accordion-collapse collapse\" aria-labelledby=\"heading-bc549d16-12c1-4f53-aea7-1a6e224418db\"><div class=\"accordion-body\">\n<p>Alongside scholarly research, in the 1980s regional history initiatives were formed in various parts of Germany. In Hamburg the <em>Project Group for the Forgotten Victims of the Nazi Regime was set up in 1983.<\/em> Through exhibitions and publications, it raised awareness of the persecution of the \u00bbignored victims\u00ab of National Socialism \u2013 including the supposed \u00bbasocials\u00ab. In 1989 the initiative succeeded in its efforts to establish a regional foundation. It was only from this point that individuals who were not officially eligible for compensation could receive financial assistance from the federal state of Hamburg.<\/p>\n<\/div><\/div><\/div>\n\n\n\n<div class=\"wp-block-boom-accordion accordion-item\"><h3 class=\"accordion-header\" id=\"heading-86b47552-1b01-40df-a990-354a5b65cee5\"><button class=\"accordion-button collapsed\" type=\"button\" aria-expanded=\"false\" aria-controls=\"collapse-86b47552-1b01-40df-a990-354a5b65cee5\"><span class=\"accordion-button-text\"><strong>Continue reading: The 1990s<\/strong><\/span><\/button><\/h3><div id=\"collapse-86b47552-1b01-40df-a990-354a5b65cee5\" class=\"accordion-collapse collapse\" aria-labelledby=\"heading-86b47552-1b01-40df-a990-354a5b65cee5\"><div class=\"accordion-body\">\n<p>Initial research focused primarily on the role of the National Socialist welfare system. In 1995 Wolfgang Aya\u00df published the first comprehensive study on the persecution of \u00bbasocials\u00ab and the role of local welfare institutions. Representatives of the next generation approached the topic from another angle. They shifted the focus from the role of welfare institutions to the police. One example was Patrick Wagner\u2019s book <em>National Community without Criminals (1996). <\/em>It was not until this point that attention turned to those persecuted as \u00bbcareer criminals\u00ab, a topic which had been largely absent from academic research up until then.<\/p>\n<\/div><\/div><\/div>\n\n\n\n<div class=\"wp-block-boom-spacer\" style=\"height:2rem\"><\/div>\n\n\n\n<div class=\"wp-block-boom-accordion accordion-item\"><h3 class=\"accordion-header\" id=\"heading-423a3a06-981b-4452-a69c-c882f97b9399\"><button class=\"accordion-button collapsed\" type=\"button\" aria-expanded=\"false\" aria-controls=\"collapse-423a3a06-981b-4452-a69c-c882f97b9399\"><span class=\"accordion-button-text\">Further reading<\/span><\/button><\/h3><div id=\"collapse-423a3a06-981b-4452-a69c-c882f97b9399\" class=\"accordion-collapse collapse\" aria-labelledby=\"heading-423a3a06-981b-4452-a69c-c882f97b9399\"><div class=\"accordion-body\">\n<p>Aya\u00df, Wolfgang (1995): \u00bb<a tabindex=\"0\" role=\"button\" class=\"glossary\" data-bs-toggle=\"popover\" data-bs-trigger=\"hover focus\" title=\"Asoziale\" data-bs-content-id=\"popover-id-3052\" aria-label=\"Asoziale - Glossary term\">Asoziale<\/a>\u00ab im Nationalsozialismus. Klett-Cotta, Stuttgart.<\/p>\n\n\n\n<p>Bock, Gisela (1986): <a tabindex=\"0\" role=\"button\" class=\"glossary\" data-bs-toggle=\"popover\" data-bs-trigger=\"hover focus\" title=\"Zwangssterilisation\" data-bs-content-id=\"popover-id-3136\" aria-label=\"Zwangssterilisation - Glossary term\">Zwangssterilisation<\/a> im Nationalsozialismus. Studien zur Rassenpolitik und Frauenpolitik. Westdeutscher Verlag, Opladen.<\/p>\n\n\n\n<p>Peukert, Detlev (1982): Volksgenossen und Gemeinschaftsfremde. Anpassung, Ausmerze und Aufbegehren unter dem Nationalsozialismus. Bund-Verlag, Frankfurt\/Main.<\/p>\n\n\n\n<p>Projektgruppe f\u00fcr die vergessenen Opfer des NS-Regimes, Hrsg. (1988): Verachtet \u2013 verfolgt \u2013 vernichtet. Zu den \u00bbvergessenen\u00ab Opfern des NS-Regimes. V<a tabindex=\"0\" role=\"button\" class=\"glossary\" data-bs-toggle=\"popover\" data-bs-trigger=\"hover focus\" title=\"SA\" data-bs-content-id=\"popover-id-3996\" aria-label=\"SA - Glossary term\">SA<\/a>-Verlag, Hamburg.<\/p>\n\n\n\n<p>Wagner, Patrick (1996): <a tabindex=\"0\" role=\"button\" class=\"glossary\" data-bs-toggle=\"popover\" data-bs-trigger=\"hover focus\" title=\"Volksgemeinschaft\" data-bs-content-id=\"popover-id-3128\" aria-label=\"Volksgemeinschaft - Glossary term\">Volksgemeinschaft<\/a> ohne Verbrecher. Konzeptionen und Praxis der Kriminalpolizei in der Zeit der Weimarer Republik und des Nationalsozialismus. Christians Verlag, Hamburg.<\/p>\n<\/div><\/div><\/div>\n\n\n\n<div class=\"wp-block-boom-spacer\" style=\"height:2rem\"><\/div>\n\n\n\n<hr class=\"wp-block-separator has-alpha-channel-opacity is-style-default\"\/>\n\n\n\n<h2 class=\"wp-block-heading\" id=\"sprungmarke-4-1945\"><strong><strong>From a petition to a resolution by the German parliament <\/strong>(2018)<\/strong><\/h2>\n\n\n\n<h3 class=\"wp-block-heading\"><strong>An initiative for the recognition of the supposed \u00bbasocials\u00ab and \u00bbcareer criminals\u00ab as victims of National Socialism<\/strong><\/h3>\n\n\n\n<div class=\"wp-block-boom-spacer\" style=\"height:2rem\"><\/div>\n\n\n\n<p>In April 2018 a group of five academics from Germany and Austria submitted a petition to the German parliament, the Bundestag. Its main demand was that those who had been categorised and persecuted as \u00bbasocials\u00ab or \u00bbcareer criminals\u00ab should be recognised as victims of National Socialism. The individuals behind the petition made one thing clear: the lengthy period that had gone by without these victims being recognised as such had already led to a situation where only few survivors were in the position to claim compensation at all. For this reason, additional resources were to be made available for research, exhibitions and political education.<\/p>\n\n\n\n<div class=\"wp-block-boom-accordion accordion-item\"><h3 class=\"accordion-header\" id=\"heading-27d8e83f-bf71-464b-b26f-86b902b1e793\"><button class=\"accordion-button collapsed\" type=\"button\" aria-expanded=\"false\" aria-controls=\"collapse-27d8e83f-bf71-464b-b26f-86b902b1e793\"><span class=\"accordion-button-text\"><strong>Video: Conversation with Prof. Frank Nonnenmacher and Dr Dagmar Lieske<\/strong><\/span><\/button><\/h3><div id=\"collapse-27d8e83f-bf71-464b-b26f-86b902b1e793\" class=\"accordion-collapse collapse\" aria-labelledby=\"heading-27d8e83f-bf71-464b-b26f-86b902b1e793\"><div class=\"accordion-body\">\n<figure class=\"wp-block-video\"><video height=\"1080\" style=\"aspect-ratio: 1920 \/ 1080;\" width=\"1920\" controls src=\"https:\/\/www.die-verleugneten.de\/wp-content\/uploads\/2022\/08\/20220826-initiativkreis-mit-ut-komprimiert.mp4\"><\/video><\/figure>\n<\/div><\/div><\/div>\n\n\n\n<div class=\"wp-block-boom-accordion accordion-item\"><h3 class=\"accordion-header\" id=\"heading-2b52114c-6e2b-4bd1-b62e-943d0eb5c4cc\"><button class=\"accordion-button collapsed\" type=\"button\" aria-expanded=\"false\" aria-controls=\"collapse-2b52114c-6e2b-4bd1-b62e-943d0eb5c4cc\"><span class=\"accordion-button-text\"><strong>Continue reading: On the Bundestag\u2019s agenda<\/strong><\/span><\/button><\/h3><div id=\"collapse-2b52114c-6e2b-4bd1-b62e-943d0eb5c4cc\" class=\"accordion-collapse collapse\" aria-labelledby=\"heading-2b52114c-6e2b-4bd1-b62e-943d0eb5c4cc\"><div class=\"accordion-body\">\n<p>Almost 22,000 people signed the initiative\u2019s petition, which thereby achieved its objective of being referred for discussion in the Bundestag. In April 2019 both B\u00fcndnis 90\/Die Gr\u00fcnen (Green Party) and the FDP (Free Democratic Party) submitted motions to the plenary in the Bundestag. Around six months later there was an expert hearing in the Committee for Culture and Media. On 13 February 2020 the five democratic parties represented in the Bundestag reached an agreement to recognise those persecuted as \u00bbasocials\u00ab and \u00bbcareer criminals\u00ab as victims of National Socialism.<\/p>\n<\/div><\/div><\/div>\n\n\n\n<div class=\"wp-block-boom-accordion accordion-item\"><h3 class=\"accordion-header\" id=\"heading-898062a6-0f78-486b-af7f-f29bc9b65bf6\"><button class=\"accordion-button collapsed\" type=\"button\" aria-expanded=\"false\" aria-controls=\"collapse-898062a6-0f78-486b-af7f-f29bc9b65bf6\"><span class=\"accordion-button-text\"><strong>Continue reading: Ernst Nonnenmacher \u2013 never recognised as a victim of National Socialism<\/strong><\/span><\/button><\/h3><div id=\"collapse-898062a6-0f78-486b-af7f-f29bc9b65bf6\" class=\"accordion-collapse collapse\" aria-labelledby=\"heading-898062a6-0f78-486b-af7f-f29bc9b65bf6\"><div class=\"accordion-body\">\n<p>One of the people behind the petition was Frank Nonnenmacher, a social scientist. His uncle, Ernst Nonnenmacher, was persecuted as a supposed \u00bbasocial\u00ab and later as a \u00bbcareer criminal\u00ab, and held in Flossenb\u00fcrg and Sachsenhausen concentration camps. In 2014 Frank Nonnenmacher published the book <em>You had it Better Than Me: Two Brothers in the 20th Century, which tells the story of his uncle Ernst alongside that of his father, Gustav. <\/em>Ernst Nonnenmacher died in 1989. He did not live to experience the recognition of his status as a victim of National Socialism.<\/p>\n<\/div><\/div><\/div>\n\n\n\n<div class=\"wp-block-boom-spacer\" style=\"height:2rem\"><\/div>\n\n\n\n<hr class=\"wp-block-separator has-alpha-channel-opacity is-style-default\"\/>\n\n\n\n<h2 class=\"wp-block-heading\" id=\"sprungmarke-5-1945\"><strong>Bundestag resolution<\/strong><\/h2>\n\n\n\n<h3 class=\"wp-block-heading\"><em>\u00bb<strong>No one was justifiably detained, tortured or murdered in a concentration camp\u00ab<\/strong><\/em><\/h3>\n\n\n\n<div class=\"wp-block-boom-spacer\" style=\"height:2rem\"><\/div>\n\n\n\n<p>On 13 February 2020 the German Bundestag passed a resolution to officially recognise those who were persecuted as \u00bbasocials\u00ab and \u00bbcareer criminals\u00ab as victims of National Socialism \u2013 75 years after the end of World War Two. The coalition government\u2019s motion was approved by the governing parties at the time \u2013 the CDU\/CSU (Christian Democratic Party \/ Christian Social Union) and the SPD (Social Democratic Party) \u2013 along with the opposition parties the FDP (Free Democratic Party), B\u00fcndnis 90\/Die Gr\u00fcnen (Green Party) and Die Linke (Left Party). Only the right-wing populist AfD (Alternative for Germany) party abstained. <\/p>\n\n\n\n<div class=\"wp-block-boom-accordion accordion-item\"><h3 class=\"accordion-header\" id=\"heading-531b28a3-eb99-4304-9687-6a6623f83e36\"><button class=\"accordion-button collapsed\" type=\"button\" aria-expanded=\"false\" aria-controls=\"collapse-531b28a3-eb99-4304-9687-6a6623f83e36\"><span class=\"accordion-button-text\"><strong>Continue reading: The resolution<\/strong><\/span><\/button><\/h3><div id=\"collapse-531b28a3-eb99-4304-9687-6a6623f83e36\" class=\"accordion-collapse collapse\" aria-labelledby=\"heading-531b28a3-eb99-4304-9687-6a6623f83e36\"><div class=\"accordion-body\">\n<p>The resolution adopted contains a crucial sentence: \u00bbNo one was justifiably detained, tortured or murdered in a concentration camp.\u00ab  This is a reason to focus greater attention on those whom the Nazis categorised as \u00bbasocials\u00ab and \u00bbcareer criminals\u00ab. A travelling exhibition, which includes this website, will contribute to raising awareness. In addition, financial support will be provided for research and for activities at memorial sites and documentation centres. <\/p>\n\n\n\n<p>The German Bundestag\u2019s resolution also stipulates that survivors are to have easier access to financial compensation. Up until 2019 the Federal Republic had awarded compensation to just 288 people who had been persecuted as \u00bbasocials\u00ab and 46 \u00bbcareer criminals\u00ab on the basis of the hardship guidelines of the General Act Regulating Compensation for War-Induced Losses (AKG).<\/p>\n<\/div><\/div><\/div>\n\n\n\n<div class=\"wp-block-boom-accordion accordion-item\"><h3 class=\"accordion-header\" id=\"heading-80fa62c2-f674-4f7d-a7af-6fa46f9b0ebd\"><button class=\"accordion-button collapsed\" type=\"button\" aria-expanded=\"false\" aria-controls=\"collapse-80fa62c2-f674-4f7d-a7af-6fa46f9b0ebd\"><span class=\"accordion-button-text\"><strong>Continue reading: Criticism of the resolution<\/strong><\/span><\/button><\/h3><div id=\"collapse-80fa62c2-f674-4f7d-a7af-6fa46f9b0ebd\" class=\"accordion-collapse collapse\" aria-labelledby=\"heading-80fa62c2-f674-4f7d-a7af-6fa46f9b0ebd\"><div class=\"accordion-body\">\n<p>Two aspects of the resolution attracted particular criticism. First, the democratic parties in the Bundestag had not agreed on a joint motion in advance of the resolution granting official recognition. Along with the governing Christian Democratic und Social Democratic coalition, the Green, the Liberal and the Left party all also put forward their own motions. Frank Nonnenmacher, who was a relative of one of those persecuted and among the initiators of the Bundestag resolution, had previously warned of this approach, saying that the actual cause would be overshadowed by party politics. Criticism also came from historian Julia H\u00f6rath, another member of the group that initiated the resolution. She remarked that the resolution had barely altered the framework for awarding compensation. Compensation can still only be claimed in line with the so-called hardship guidelines within the General Act Regulating Compensation for War-Induced Losses (AKG). However, H\u00f6rath pointed out that it would have been appropriate to revise the Federal Compensation Law (BEG), which was applied until 1969. While it was in force, the BEG recognised those eligible for compensation as having been \u00bbpersecuted\u00ab under National Socialism. Within the AKG the individuals concerned are considered only as \u00bbvictims\u00ab of World War Two.<\/p>\n<\/div><\/div><\/div>\n\n\n\n<div class=\"wp-block-boom-accordion accordion-item is-opened\"><h3 class=\"accordion-header\" id=\"heading-0b9d55f3-e633-4099-aa2c-bc126f0938e0\"><button class=\"accordion-button\" type=\"button\" aria-expanded=\"true\" aria-controls=\"collapse-0b9d55f3-e633-4099-aa2c-bc126f0938e0\"><span class=\"accordion-button-text\"><strong><strong>Listen: The Bundestag debate prior to the decision<\/strong> <\/strong><\/span><\/button><\/h3><div id=\"collapse-0b9d55f3-e633-4099-aa2c-bc126f0938e0\" class=\"accordion-collapse collapse show\" aria-labelledby=\"heading-0b9d55f3-e633-4099-aa2c-bc126f0938e0\"><div class=\"accordion-body\">\n<div class=\"wp-block-columns is-not-stacked-on-mobile is-style-default is-layout-flex wp-container-core-columns-is-layout-9d6595d7 wp-block-columns-is-layout-flex\">\n<div class=\"wp-block-column is-vertically-aligned-top is-layout-flow wp-block-column-is-layout-flow\" style=\"flex-basis:35%\">\n<figure class=\"wp-block-image size-large is-resized\"><img loading=\"lazy\" decoding=\"async\" width=\"800\" height=\"533\" src=\"https:\/\/www.die-verleugneten.de\/wp-content\/uploads\/2022\/08\/bundestagsbeschluss-bebilderung-podcast-dbt-thomas-trutschel-photothek-800x533.jpg\" alt=\"Session of the German Bundestag\" class=\"wp-image-3402\" style=\"width:241px;height:161px\" srcset=\"https:\/\/www.die-verleugneten.de\/wp-content\/uploads\/2022\/08\/bundestagsbeschluss-bebilderung-podcast-dbt-thomas-trutschel-photothek-800x533.jpg 800w, https:\/\/www.die-verleugneten.de\/wp-content\/uploads\/2022\/08\/bundestagsbeschluss-bebilderung-podcast-dbt-thomas-trutschel-photothek-400x267.jpg 400w, https:\/\/www.die-verleugneten.de\/wp-content\/uploads\/2022\/08\/bundestagsbeschluss-bebilderung-podcast-dbt-thomas-trutschel-photothek-768x512.jpg 768w, https:\/\/www.die-verleugneten.de\/wp-content\/uploads\/2022\/08\/bundestagsbeschluss-bebilderung-podcast-dbt-thomas-trutschel-photothek.jpg 1500w\" sizes=\"auto, (max-width: 800px) 100vw, 800px\" \/><figcaption class=\"wp-element-caption\"><sup>Photo: DBT \/ Thomas Trutschel \/ photothek<\/sup><\/figcaption><\/figure>\n<\/div>\n\n\n\n<div class=\"wp-block-column is-vertically-aligned-top is-layout-flow wp-block-column-is-layout-flow\" style=\"padding-top:0px;padding-right:0px;padding-bottom:0px;padding-left:0px\">\n<div class=\"wp-block-boom-spacer d-none d-md-block\" style=\"height:3rem\"><\/div>\n\n\n\n<figure class=\"wp-block-audio\"><audio controls src=\"https:\/\/www.die-verleugneten.de\/wp-content\/uploads\/2022\/06\/podcast-bundestagsdebatte-13-februar-2020.mp3\"><\/audio><figcaption class=\"wp-element-caption\">Podcast on the Bundestag debate on February 13, 2020<\/figcaption><\/figure>\n<\/div>\n<\/div>\n<\/div><\/div><\/div>\n\n\n\n<div class=\"wp-block-boom-accordion accordion-item\"><h3 class=\"accordion-header\" id=\"heading-21bca95b-05a8-459a-b28b-0eb91c1b5217\"><button class=\"accordion-button collapsed\" type=\"button\" aria-expanded=\"false\" aria-controls=\"collapse-21bca95b-05a8-459a-b28b-0eb91c1b5217\"><span class=\"accordion-button-text\">Transcript<\/span><\/button><\/h3><div id=\"collapse-21bca95b-05a8-459a-b28b-0eb91c1b5217\" class=\"accordion-collapse collapse\" aria-labelledby=\"heading-21bca95b-05a8-459a-b28b-0eb91c1b5217\"><div class=\"accordion-body\">\n<p><em>Short Jingle<\/em><\/p>\n\n\n\n<div class=\"wp-block-columns is-layout-flex wp-container-core-columns-is-layout-9d6595d7 wp-block-columns-is-layout-flex\">\n<div class=\"wp-block-column is-layout-flow wp-block-column-is-layout-flow\" style=\"flex-basis:5%\">\n<div class=\"wp-block-boom-spacer d-none d-md-block\" style=\"height:2rem\"><\/div>\n<\/div>\n\n\n\n<div class=\"wp-block-column is-layout-flow wp-block-column-is-layout-flow\">\n<p><em>\u00bbToday is an important moment for the German Bundestag. It is important because we are giving victims of National Socialist tyranny a voice, a face, and recognition. People whose fate was sidelined for too long. Victims of the National Socialists who were not only overlooked by us for a long time, but whom the state did not want to <em>acknowledge either.\u00ab<\/em><\/em><\/p>\n<\/div>\n<\/div>\n\n\n\n<div class=\"wp-block-boom-spacer\" style=\"height:1rem\"><\/div>\n\n\n\n<p>These words were spoken by the CSU politician Volker Ullrich in the German Bundestag\u2019s plenary session on 13 February 2020. It was not until 75 years after the end of the war that the German parliament voted to grant official recognition to those people who had been persecuted under National Socialism as \u00bbasocials\u00ab and \u00bbcareer criminals\u00ab. This political decision was preceded by decades in which these victims were ignored and their history repressed. Only in isolated cases did survivors receive compensation. Most were not recognised as victims of National Socialism. <\/p>\n\n\n\n<p>Delegates of the German Bundestag were involved in discussions on the recognition of supposed \u00bbasocials\u00ab and \u00bbcareer criminals\u00ab for almost three years. CDU delegate Melanie Bernstein describes the process:<\/p>\n\n\n\n<div class=\"wp-block-columns is-layout-flex wp-container-core-columns-is-layout-9d6595d7 wp-block-columns-is-layout-flex\">\n<div class=\"wp-block-column is-layout-flow wp-block-column-is-layout-flow\" style=\"flex-basis:5%\">\n<div class=\"wp-block-boom-spacer d-none d-md-block\" style=\"height:2rem\"><\/div>\n<\/div>\n\n\n\n<div class=\"wp-block-column is-layout-flow wp-block-column-is-layout-flow\">\n<p><em><em><em>\u00bbRight from the start of the parliamentary discussions, within the working groups, the committee, and during public hearings, all parties \u2013 with the exception of the AfD \u2013 fundamentally agreed that something needed to be done. I gladly concede that it was the Green party, which first put the topic on our political agenda and which, by submitting the first motion on the topic, initiated the constructive discussions which are still ongoing. Since last year we have discussed the topic in detail on many occasions in various committees, most recently during a public hearing convened by the Committee for Culture and the Media on 6 November 2019.\u00ab<\/em><\/em><\/em><\/p>\n<\/div>\n<\/div>\n\n\n\n<div class=\"wp-block-boom-spacer\" style=\"height:1rem\"><\/div>\n\n\n\n<p>The two governing parties at the time (the CDU\/CSU und the SPD) finally agreed to central demands, summed up as follows by SPD delegate Marianne Schieder:<\/p>\n\n\n\n<div class=\"wp-block-columns is-layout-flex wp-container-core-columns-is-layout-9d6595d7 wp-block-columns-is-layout-flex\">\n<div class=\"wp-block-column is-layout-flow wp-block-column-is-layout-flow\" style=\"flex-basis:5%\">\n<div class=\"wp-block-boom-spacer d-none d-md-block\" style=\"height:2rem\"><\/div>\n<\/div>\n\n\n\n<div class=\"wp-block-column is-layout-flow wp-block-column-is-layout-flow\">\n<p><em><em><em>\u00bbWith our motion it will be possible to produce the touring exhibition, which will present the results of scholarly research to the broader public. This exhibition will provide an excellent format to examine what the Nazis understood by the terms \u00bbasocial\u00ab or \u00bbcareer criminal\u00ab and the arbitrary process by which people were stigmatised, marginalised, tortured and murdered. The exhibition will have a modular structure, which means it can be expanded continuously, for example to include the research findings of young people from schools or youth groups who address the biographies of people from their home town who were persecuted. In addition, among other things the [\u2026] coalition motion envisages greater cooperation between memorial sites and educational institutions and the local community. People who were persecuted as \u00bbasocials\u00ab and \u00bbcareer criminals\u00ab will also be explicitly listed as eligible for compensation under the hardship guidelines of the General Act Regulating Compensation for War-Induced Losses. In this way it will be clear to everyone that the survivors have a right to compensation.\u00ab<\/em><\/em><\/em><\/p>\n<\/div>\n<\/div>\n\n\n\n<div class=\"wp-block-boom-spacer\" style=\"height:1rem\"><\/div>\n\n\n\n<p>However, in addition to the motion from the governing parties, there were three other motions for discussion on 13 February 2020. Three of the opposition parties (B\u00fcndnis 90\/Die Gr\u00fcnen, Die Linke and the FDP) put forward their own motions. In the subsequent debate there was criticism that the democratic parties had not agreed on a joint motion:<\/p>\n\n\n\n<div class=\"wp-block-columns is-layout-flex wp-container-core-columns-is-layout-9d6595d7 wp-block-columns-is-layout-flex\">\n<div class=\"wp-block-column is-layout-flow wp-block-column-is-layout-flow\" style=\"flex-basis:5%\">\n<div class=\"wp-block-boom-spacer d-none d-md-block\" style=\"height:2rem\"><\/div>\n<\/div>\n\n\n\n<div class=\"wp-block-column is-layout-flow wp-block-column-is-layout-flow\">\n<p><em><em>\u00bbThe three named opposition parties were willing to draw up a joint motion with the CDU\/CSU and the SPD. However, the coalition parties, specifically the CDU\/CSU, evidently did not wish to do so. This is most regrettable as this is simply not an issue where groups should be pushing their own political agenda.\u00ab<\/em><\/em><\/p>\n<\/div>\n<\/div>\n\n\n\n<div class=\"wp-block-boom-spacer\" style=\"height:1rem\"><\/div>\n\n\n\n<p>This criticism voiced by Petra Pau from Die Linke was echoed by Hartmut Ebbing from the FDP and Erhard Grundl from the Green party:<\/p>\n\n\n\n<div class=\"wp-block-columns is-layout-flex wp-container-core-columns-is-layout-9d6595d7 wp-block-columns-is-layout-flex\">\n<div class=\"wp-block-column is-layout-flow wp-block-column-is-layout-flow\" style=\"flex-basis:5%\">\n<div class=\"wp-block-boom-spacer d-none d-md-block\" style=\"height:2rem\"><\/div>\n<\/div>\n\n\n\n<div class=\"wp-block-column is-layout-flow wp-block-column-is-layout-flow\">\n<p><em><em>\u00bbIf we democratic parties cannot even manage to produce a joint, cross-party motion on this issue, when will we ever be able to work together on anything? Instead of signalling solidarity and public spirit on behalf of the victims, it seems that party lines were considered more important, especially within the Grand Coalition. [\u2026] Ladies and gentlemen, and particularly delegates from the CDU, this is something we could and should have dealt with better.\u00ab<\/em><\/em><\/p>\n<\/div>\n<\/div>\n\n\n\n<div class=\"wp-block-boom-spacer\" style=\"height:1rem\"><\/div>\n\n\n\n<div class=\"wp-block-columns is-layout-flex wp-container-core-columns-is-layout-9d6595d7 wp-block-columns-is-layout-flex\">\n<div class=\"wp-block-column is-layout-flow wp-block-column-is-layout-flow\" style=\"flex-basis:5%\">\n<div class=\"wp-block-boom-spacer d-none d-md-block\" style=\"height:2rem\"><\/div>\n<\/div>\n\n\n\n<div class=\"wp-block-column is-layout-flow wp-block-column-is-layout-flow\">\n<p><em><em>\u00bbSince April 2018 we from the Green Party have been calling for a cross-party motion as a clear signal to the victims and their families, as &nbsp;a clear signal against hatred and the contempt targeted at certain groups both back then and today. It would have been a clear signal against all those who call for a line to be drawn under the process of addressing the National Socialist regime. In view of the increase in violence against those of a different mindset, against religious minorities or against disadvantaged people within society, that would have been a strong and significant statement.\u00ab<\/em><\/em><\/p>\n<\/div>\n<\/div>\n\n\n\n<div class=\"wp-block-boom-spacer\" style=\"height:1rem\"><\/div>\n\n\n\n<p>Nonetheless, all the democratic parties were united in the orientation of the motion and in their condemnation of the AfD. Both prior to and during the debate, the AfD had called for a case-by-case assessment. This was rejected vehemently by all other parties during the debate. <\/p>\n\n\n\n<p>Delegates from all the democratic parties ultimately voted in favour of the motion from the coalition parties. On a political level at least, 13 February 2020 marked the end of the many years in which the Nazi persecution of \u00bbcareer criminals\u00ab and \u00bbasocials\u00ab had not been recognised as such.<\/p>\n\n\n\n<p><em>End credits, getting quieter, transition to the jingle:<\/em><\/p>\n\n\n\n<div class=\"wp-block-columns is-layout-flex wp-container-core-columns-is-layout-9d6595d7 wp-block-columns-is-layout-flex\">\n<div class=\"wp-block-column is-layout-flow wp-block-column-is-layout-flow\" style=\"flex-basis:5%\">\n<div class=\"wp-block-boom-spacer d-none d-md-block\" style=\"height:2rem\"><\/div>\n<\/div>\n\n\n\n<div class=\"wp-block-column is-layout-flow wp-block-column-is-layout-flow\">\n<p><em><em>\u00bbThe coalition parties, the FDP, Die Linke and B\u00fcndnis 90\/Die Gr\u00fcnen have voted to adopt the recommended resolution; the AfD abstained.\u00ab<\/em><\/em><\/p>\n<\/div>\n<\/div>\n<\/div><\/div><\/div>\n\n\n\n<p><\/p>\n<div class=\"popovers-wrapper\"><div id=\"popover-id-4003\" class=\"d-none\">\n<p>Die SS (\u00bbSchutzstaffel\u00ab) unter der Leitung von Heinrich Himmler versteht sich als elit\u00e4rer Wehrverband des nationalsozialistischen Staates. Mit der \u00dcbernahme und dem Umbau der Polizei durch Himmler wird die SS zum zentralen Terrorinstrument des Regimes. 1934 erh\u00e4lt sie erh\u00e4lt die Kontrolle \u00fcber s\u00e4mtliche Konzentrationslager. Das 1939 gebildete Reichssicherheitshauptamt, die Planungszentrale f\u00fcr die Verbrechen im deutsch besetzten Europa, ist ihr zugeordnet.<\/p>\n<\/div><div id=\"popover-id-3996\" class=\"d-none\">\n<p>Die Sturmabteilung ist der auf Adolf Hitler eingeschworene Wehrverband der NSDAP. Die SA sch\u00fcrt Antisemitismus und greift politische Gegner\/-innen an. Nach der Ernennung Hitlers zum Reichskanzler dient die SA in Preu\u00dfen als \u00bbHilfspolizei\u00ab, verhaftet und qu\u00e4lt Menschen, oft in \u00bbwilden\u00ab Lagern. 1934 geh\u00f6ren ihr etwa vier Millionen M\u00e4nner an. \u00a0Den Versuch der SA-F\u00fchrung, aus ihr eine allumfassende Parteimiliz zu formen, beantwortet Hitler mit ihrer Entmachtung.<\/p>\n<\/div><div id=\"popover-id-3136\" class=\"d-none\">\n<p>In der Zeit des Nationalsozialismus sterilisieren \u00c4rzte zwangsweise etwa 400.000 Menschen. Sie sollen keine Kinder bekommen \u2013 die Nationalsozialisten gehen davon aus, dass geistige und k\u00f6rperliche Eigenschaften vererbbar seien. Damit gehen sie gegen Menschen vor, die sie als \u00bbminderwertig\u00ab ansehen. Etwa 5.000 Menschen sterben an den Folgen des medizinischen Eingriffs, andere werden sp\u00e4ter in Kliniken ermordet, Hundertausende bleiben staatlich organisiert kinderlos.<\/p>\n<\/div><div id=\"popover-id-3128\" class=\"d-none\">\n<p>Die \u00bbVolks\u00adgemeinschaft\u00ab ist das nationalsozialistische Ideal des Zusammenlebens von deutschen \u00bbVolksgenossen\u00ab. Wer dazugeh\u00f6rt und wer nicht, bestimmen rassistische Kriterien. Die Ausgeschlossenen werden als \u00bbVolkssch\u00e4dlinge\u00ab herabgew\u00fcrdigt. Zu ihnen z\u00e4hlen Juden und J\u00fcdinnen, Sinti und Roma, politische Gegner\/-innen, Menschen mit Behinderungen, Homosexuelle, aber auch \u00bbAsoziale\u00ab und \u00bbBerufsverbrecher\u00ab.<\/p>\n<\/div><div id=\"popover-id-3052\" class=\"d-none\">\n<p>Menschen werden als \u00bbA\u00adsoziale\u00ab bezeichnet und verfolgt, weil sie in der nationalsozialistischen \u00bbVolksgemeinschaft\u00ab keinen Platz haben. Das betrifft vor allem Arbeits- oder Wohnungslose, Bettler, F\u00fcrsorgeempf\u00e4nger\/-innen, Prostituierte oder unangepasste Jugendliche. Ihnen wird vorgeworfen, die Gemeinschaft zu gef\u00e4hrden. Bei ihrer Verfolgung arbeiten Beh\u00f6rden wie F\u00fcrsorge\u00e4mter, Justiz und Polizei zusammen. Sie schaffen ein engmaschiges Netz aus \u00dcberwachungs- und Zwangsma\u00dfnahmen.<\/p>\n<\/div><\/div>","protected":false},"excerpt":{"rendered":"<p>For decades after the war, there was neither recognition nor commemoration of those people whom the Nazis had termed \u00bbcommunity aliens\u00ab. It was not until February 2020, after decades of disavowal, that the German Bundestag recognised \u00bbcareer criminals\u00ab and \u00bbasocials\u00ab as victims of National Socialism. Why did it take so long for them to be [&hellip;]<\/p>\n","protected":false},"author":1,"featured_media":0,"parent":4239,"menu_order":0,"comment_status":"closed","ping_status":"closed","template":"chronology.php","meta":{"_acf_changed":false,"footnotes":""},"class_list":["post-4238","page","type-page","status-publish","hentry"],"acf":[],"yoast_head":"<!-- This site is optimized with the Yoast SEO plugin v23.5 - https:\/\/yoast.com\/wordpress\/plugins\/seo\/ -->\n<title>1945\u20132020: Disavowal | Die Verleugneten<\/title>\n<meta name=\"robots\" content=\"index, follow, max-snippet:-1, max-image-preview:large, max-video-preview:-1\" \/>\n<link rel=\"canonical\" href=\"https:\/\/www.die-verleugneten.de\/en\/timeline\/1945-2020-disavowal\/\" \/>\n<meta property=\"og:locale\" content=\"en_US\" \/>\n<meta property=\"og:type\" content=\"article\" \/>\n<meta property=\"og:title\" content=\"1945\u20132020: Disavowal | Die Verleugneten\" \/>\n<meta property=\"og:description\" content=\"For decades after the war, there was neither recognition nor commemoration of those people whom the Nazis had termed \u00bbcommunity aliens\u00ab. 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