{"id":5919,"date":"2024-11-15T17:31:00","date_gmt":"2024-11-15T16:31:00","guid":{"rendered":"https:\/\/www.die-verleugneten.de\/uncategorized\/against-disavowal-the-speeches-of-the-relatives-of-the-persecuted\/"},"modified":"2025-02-06T14:41:40","modified_gmt":"2025-02-06T13:41:40","slug":"against-disavowal-the-speeches-of-the-relatives-of-the-persecuted","status":"publish","type":"post","link":"https:\/\/www.die-verleugneten.de\/en\/your-stories\/against-disavowal-the-speeches-of-the-relatives-of-the-persecuted\/","title":{"rendered":"Against Disavowal: The Speeches of the Relatives of the Persecuted"},"content":{"rendered":"\n

Liane Lieske: The Boundary of Acceptability is the Erosion of Human Rights<\/strong><\/em><\/h2>\n\n\n\n

My grandmother, Erna Lieske, was born in 1900 as the illegitimate daughter of a maid in Pomerania. Her mother died at the age of 28 when Erna was only four years old. She grew up in extreme poverty under the care of her uncle and legal guardian, a day labourer. When he was killed as a soldier in World War I in 1916, Erna was left to fend for herself\u2014alone at 16, in the midst of the First World War.\nIn the following years, whenever she was unemployed, she was repeatedly charged with petty theft and convicted. However, whenever she had work, her employers described her as \u201ediligent\u201d and \u201ehighly respected because she was a good worker.\u201d Both her employer and her landlord in Hamburg, where she had lived for years, advocated on her behalf\u2014without success.\n<\/p>\n\n\n\n

She gave birth to two children, in 1920 and 1924, both of whom were taken from her immediately after birth and placed in foster care or an orphanage. The father or fathers were gone. The deaconesses at the orphanage forbade her from having contact with her son and refused to let her see him. As a result, my father never knew his mother.<\/p>\n\n\n\n

After serving all her sentences, Erna was not released. Instead, she remained in prison and, in 1938, was sentenced to preventive detention\u2014branded a \u201edangerous habitual criminal\u201d with an \u201euncontrollable tendency to repeatedly commit crimes.\u201d<\/p>\n\n\n\n

In 1943, she was deported from the Aichach women\u2019s prison<\/a> and detention facility to the extermination camp Auschwitz, where she was murdered four weeks later, two days after her 43rd birthday.<\/p>\n\n\n\n

Today, we remember these victims, including my grandmother. When I first saw a Stolperstein (stumbling stone) for my grandmother ten years ago and read: \u201eErna Lieske, habitual criminal\u201d, it felt like a slap in the face \u2013 yet another humiliation. <\/p>\n\n\n\n

After a year of discussions with the artist Gunter Demnig, he decided \u2013 without consulting me \u2013 to replace it with a new Stolperstein, after securing a new sponsor. The new inscription read: \u201eErna Lieske, \u2018protective custody\u2019 and \u2018preventive detention\u2019\u201d!<\/p>\n\n\n\n

I hope that, through my short contribution, I have conveyed that my grandmother did not steal because of a character flaw, but out of sheer desperation. And yet, my siblings are ashamed of her and ignore both her and her tragic fate \u2013 despite the fact that family is supposedly so important to them.<\/p>\n\n\n\n

This exhibition is an important step toward countering society\u2019s neglect of these victims. But it is not enough. Four years after the Bundestag resolution, the German government must finally implement its commitment: to fund research on the fates of these persecuted groups and the still underexplored role of the institutions involved in their persecution \u2013 and to erect a memorial for these long-disavowed victims.<\/p>\n\n\n\n

Respect for all victims of National Socialism, as well as for poor people and anyone who is different in today\u2019s society, is a value we must uphold. Unfortunately, poverty is still something people are made to feel ashamed of\u2014not those who force people into homelessness or unemployment, and not out of necessity!<\/p>\n\n\n\n

So, when our finance minister [at the time Christian Lindner, FDP] publicly and without challenge says, \u201eIt annoys me that (\u2026) in our country, people get money for doing nothing\u201d \u2013 this is just one example \u2013 it is a step in the wrong direction.<\/p>\n\n\n\n

The boundary of acceptability is crossed when human rights are eroded and human dignity is damaged \u2013 because this is an attack on democracy itself!<\/p>\n\n\n\n

<\/div>\n\n\n\n

Mascha Krink: The Stigma of <\/strong>\u201eAsocial\u201d Seems to Automatically Carry the Word Shame<\/strong><\/em><\/h2>\n\n\n\n

Dear guests, together with three other speakers, we want to shine a light on victim groups of National Socialism that were disavowed for far too long. <\/p>\n\n\n\n

Today, on the occasion of this special exhibition opening, I have the honour of sharing the story of my grandparents, Herbert and Theresa B\u00f6hm. My grandfather was a carpenter by trade, born and raised in Trebnitz. During his travels as a journeyman, he met my grandmother in Lower Bavaria. They married and moved to Waldshut, where my grandfather traded raw materials. Their first two children were born there. However, due to the effects of the global economic crisis, my grandfather was forced to close his business. So, they decided to set out for Trebnitz, Herbert\u2019s hometown, in hopes of starting anew. By tracing the birthplaces of their children, I was able to confirm that they indeed made it to Trebnitz. But the economic situation there was no better. <\/p>\n\n\n\n

Like many others in the early 1930s, my grandparents wandered the streets in search of work \u2013 among hundreds of thousands affected by mass unemployment at the time. They were migrant workers, people who did not always have a permanent residence and spent their lives searching for work wherever they could, simply trying to survive. Poverty forced them into what society labeled \u201epetty crimes\u201d: begging and perhaps even small thefts to stay alive. During this time, my grandfather was arrested and convicted a total of eight times \u2013 eight times over the course of 15 years, locked away for a few weeks at a time because he had no money to pay the fine. Herbert and Theresa\u2019s story represents many people of that era who were criminalized by a system that had no solutions for poverty\u2014only punishments.<\/p>\n\n\n\n

In spring 1940, in the midst of the horrors of the Nazi regime, Herbert and Theresa were denounced by \u201eneighbours\u201d who had reported them to the welfare office. They were violently taken away and placed in a so-called labour institution. This was not a place designed to help people get back on their feet. It was a place where those who did not fit the image of the \u201enational community\u201d were made to disappear. As if this wasn\u2019t punishment enough, their seven children were taken from them. The state revoked their parental rights and imposed a ban on contact. The inhumanity of this decision is almost beyond words \u2013 the family of our father, who was only two years old at the time, was not only torn but systematically destroyed. After three months, my grandmother Theresa was released from the labour institution and fought relentlessly to get her children and her husband back. But her fight was in vain.\nBy that time, her husband Herbert had already been deported to a concentration camp as an \u201easocial\u201d. First Sachsenhausen, then Ravensbr\u00fcck\u2014places that we now associate with suffering and death, places where human rights had no meaning. Herbert did not survive this hell.\n<\/p>\n\n\n\n

Theresa, my grandmother, returned to a life marked by loneliness, loss, and pain. She fought for years to reclaim her children, yet she was never granted custody again. Alone and deeply scarred, she died of cancer at just 43 years old. A woman who wanted nothing more than to be a mother lost her battle against a system that never gave her a chance.<\/p>\n\n\n\n

My siblings and I grew up with a father who was deeply insecure, almost torn apart by his past. This legacy still affects each of us in different ways. As a child, I often felt that I had to comfort him.<\/p>\n\n\n\n

For 30 years, I have studied the history of my grandparents. I have conducted research, examined archives, and investigated. What I know today is this: <\/p>\n\n\n\n

My grandfather was systematically exploited and murdered in concentration camps. His \u201ecrime\u201d was that he was poor and lived outside the norms of society.<\/strong><\/p>\n\n\n\n

Despite all my research, I have not been able to determine the exact date of his death. The death registers in Ravensbr\u00fcck were destroyed by the Nazis during their \u201eretreat\u201d.<\/p>\n\n\n\n

Together with my youngest son, my sister, and the remarkable playwright Dirk Laucke, we created a podcast documenting our ancestors’ fate. We travelled across several federal states in Germany, interviewed historians, and retraced our grandparents’ journey. <\/p>\n\n\n\n

Yet, despite all our research and the podcast about our \u201easocial\u201d stigmatized grandparents, most of my family shows little interest in their fate. With the stigma of \u201easocial\u201d, the word SHAME seems to automatically follow.<\/p>\n\n\n\n

After World War II, my father\u2019s three sisters married American G.I.s and emigrated to the United States. Decades later, their grandchildren contacted me \u2013 having found my email in a museum while searching for their great-grandfather. When I shared my research with them, they abruptly cut off contact. Even they seemed to carry a deep-seated shame \u2013 a painful reminder of how urgent it is for society to finally confront and process these stories so that we can understand how they happened \u2013 and that personal shame is completely misplaced.<\/p>\n\n\n\n

My grandparents\u2019 story is not an isolated case. It reveals the cruel reality of a system that branded people as \u201einferior\u201d simply because they did not fit its mould. It shows how the Nazis persecuted people living in poverty or those who did not conform to the prescribed norms, labelling them \u201easocials\u201d or \u201ecriminals\u201d. Those we learn about today, through this important travelling exhibition, were victims of a regime devoid of compassion.<\/p>\n\n\n\n

This travelling exhibition is, in my view, a crucial step toward raising awareness of people like my grandparents. Their fate reminds us that history is not just shaped by grand political events, but also by the life stories of individuals who were caught in the machinery of exclusion and oppression.<\/p>\n\n\n\n

To conclude, I want to emphasize: Remembering and making these stories visible is more than an act of commemoration. I believe many of us, under the political conditions of that time, could have been stigmatized and persecuted as \u201easocial\u201d or \u201ecriminal\u201d.<\/p>\n\n\n\n

We must always remain aware of how fragile human freedom and dignity can be.<\/p>\n\n\n\n

<\/div>\n\n\n\n

Daniel Haberlah: There Are Many People We Will Never Learn About Because No One Has Taken On Their Stories<\/strong><\/em><\/h2>\n\n\n\n

The memory of the National Socialist era in my family is largely shaped by my great-grandmother. That may sound far-fetched to many of you \u2013 great-grandparents \u2013 but for me, it is different. I grew up in a household with my parents and my great-grandparents. Unlike many of her generation, my great-grandmother had no hesitation in talking about her family, her childhood, and her youth during National Socialism and the war. My grandmother, my mother, and I grew up with these stories. \nOne of them, among many others, was about Irmgard Pl\u00e4ttner. That is the woman I want to tell you about today. When I was a child, my great-grandmother told me that Irmgard Pl\u00e4ttner had been killed in the Ravensbr\u00fcck concentration camp. She said that the reason she had been sent there was that she \u201edid not want to work\u201d. As a child, I believed this, but to be honest, I never really understood it. It always seemed strange to me. Why would a German woman, married to a Wehrmacht<\/a> soldier, be sent to a concentration camp by the Nazis? And even more puzzling: because she \u201edid not want to work\u201d? Hadn\u2019t I learned in school that women in Nazi Germany were not even supposed to work?\nAt the time, I simply accepted it. My great-grandmother was over 80 years old, and I knew from school about how her generation tended to reinterpret their past under National Socialism. I did not think she was lying, but maybe her memory was playing tricks on her, or she didn\u2019t know the real reasons, or she was simply mistaken\u2014after all, it had been a long time.\n<\/p>\n\n\n\n

My great-grandmother, born in 1925, was, for decades, the last living witness to this story. Her brother, Irmgard Pl\u00e4ttner’s husband, had already passed away in 1976. My great-grandmother herself died in 2013, just before I turned 18. Even though I started studying history in 2014, it wasn\u2019t until 2020 that I encountered this story again.\nMy great-grandparents left behind many things of sentimental value. These items are very important to my grandmother, my mother, and me. Among them is a photo album belonging to my great-grandmother\u2019s brother. In this album, there are several photos of Irmgard Pl\u00e4ttner. When I looked through the album again, I thought: Maybe now is the time to uncover or research this story. This also meant confronting the truthfulness of my great-grandmother\u2019s account\u2014and the possibility that she had not told the truth. Many who research their family history during National Socialism are familiar with this feeling.\n<\/p>\n\n\n\n

But my great-grandmother had not lied. Irmgard Pl\u00e4ttner was born in 1921 as Irmgard Kastner in Braunschweig. She was initially an illegitimate child, later a child of divorce. At 15, she became a welfare case and was sent to a girls\u2019 home in Braunschweig and later to a mother and infant home in Hanover. As she became pregnant at 16 years old and gave birth to an illegitimate child. The child was taken from her and placed with a foster family. From 1940, she lived with my great-grandmother\u2019s family in a working-class district of Braunschweig. She and my great-granduncle, Hermann Pl\u00e4ttner\u2014nicknamed Menne\u2014became a couple. In April 1942, shortly after their wedding and just after her husband was drafted into the Wehrmacht, Irmgard was arrested by the Secret Police (\u201eGestapo<\/a>\u201d) for the first time for \u201erefusing to work\u201d. She was sentenced to three months in prison. After serving her sentence, she was released. In March 1944, she was arrested again\u2014this time for \u201eidling at work\u201d (\u201eArbeitsbummelei\u201d). She was sent to a forced labour camp in Watenstedt-Hallendorf near Salzgitter\u2014a so-called “labour re-education camp,” though it had nothing to do with re-education.\nFrom there, already in poor health, she was likely transferred to Ravensbr\u00fcck concentration camp in May 1944. Her health deteriorated further there, and at the end of February 1945, she died\u2014or rather, she was left to die and thus murdered\u2014just weeks before the end of the war. She was only 24 years old. Irmgard Pl\u00e4ttner was one of the victims of Nazi persecution as a so-called \u201easocial\u201d. But my great-grandmother never used the word \u201easocial\u201d when she spoke about her. To her, Irmgard Pl\u00e4ttner was simply a person\u2014just like herself, her friends, and her relatives. The only difference was: Irmgard died, and they did not.\n<\/p>\n\n\n\n

The only reason you are hearing this story today is pure chance. Irmgard Pl\u00e4ttner had two friends in the concentration camp. One of them was Ilse Kuhl, whom she had known since her youth in Braunschweig. After surviving Ravensbr\u00fcck, Ilse Kuhl told my family\u2014and Irmgard\u2019s parents\u2014about her fate. Irmgard’s husband did not learn of her death until 1949, when he returned from Soviet captivity. He then tried to have his wife recognized as a victim of National Socialism within the framework of West Germany\u2019s compensation policy. His request was unsuccessful \u2013 as you can probably guess by now. But his application has been preserved, containing crucial information and sources that we probably wouldn\u2019t have today. Without Ilse Kuhl and my great-granduncle, this story would likely have been lost.<\/p>\n\n\n\n

Unlike many other families, mine never resisted confronting this history. On the contrary: they always supported me and were very interested, within their means. The more I uncovered, the more they wanted to know. However, I also realized that many people are completely unaware of this persecution. At one point, someone assumed without question that Irmgard must have been Jewish, because why else would she have been persecuted?<\/p>\n\n\n\n

But Irmgard Pl\u00e4ttner\u2019s story is not unique. What is unique is that I was able to reconstruct large parts of it\u2014but even so, her life remains fragmentary, like a mosaic. We will never truly know what she felt or thought. The only personal record we have is a photo with the inscription: \u201eIn eternal remembrance of your Irmchen\u201d. <\/p>\n\n\n\n

History is the science of what remains. Without Irmgard\u2019s fellow prisoner, her story might have been lost entirely after the war. Without her husband\u2019s compensation claim, we might have no documentation of her fate today. And without my great-grandmother telling me about her in 2010, and without me researching it, who knows if anyone would have ever cared?<\/p>\n\n\n\n

This highlights how random the preservation of individual persecution biographies can be, particularly for those labeled \u201easocials\u201d and \u201ehabitual criminals\u201d. Not every fate can be reconstructed. As you visit this exhibition, keep in mind: there are many stories we will never know\u2014because no one preserved them, and because no evidence remains. For this reason, it is all the more important that both research and public remembrance give these stories the attention they deserve.<\/p>\n\n\n\n

I hope this exhibition will help make a significant contribution \u2013 but, as we have already heard today: This is only the beginning, not the end, of our historical and societal reckoning with this topic. I say this as a descendant, as a historian, and as a citizen of the Federal Republic of Germany.<\/p>\n\n\n\n

Thank you. <\/p>\n\n\n\n

<\/p>\n

\n

Das deutsche Milit\u00e4r hei\u00dft ab 1935 Wehrmacht. Bis 1945 schw\u00f6ren insgesamt 17 Millionen Soldaten ihren unbedingten Gehorsam auf die Person Adolf Hitlers. Die Wehrmacht \u00fcberf\u00e4llt und besetzt fast alle L\u00e4nder Europas und ver\u00fcbt zahlreiche Kriegsverbrechen: Sie brennt ganze Orte nieder und f\u00fchrt im Osten einen Vernichtungskrieg gegen J\u00fcdinnen und Juden, Sinti und Roma sowie die weitere Bev\u00f6lkerung. Erst in den 1990er Jahren findet eine kontroverse Auseinandersetzung mit den Verbrechen der Wehrmacht statt.<\/p>\n<\/div>

\n

Die Nationalsozialisten schaffen die \u00bbGeheime Staatspolizei\u00ab zur Bek\u00e4mpfung politischer Gegner\/-innen. Auch an der Verfolgung von Minderheiten ist sie ma\u00dfgeblich beteiligt. Ohne richterliche Pr\u00fcfung k\u00f6nnen Beamte Wohnungen durchsuchen, Personen inhaftieren, in Konzentrationslager bringen oder ermorden. Sie erzwingen in Verh\u00f6ren Gest\u00e4ndnisse unter Folter. In den besetzten Gebieten sind Ge\u00adstapo\u00adbeamte an Massenerschie\u00dfungen und anderen Verbrechen beteiligt.<\/p>\n<\/div><\/div>","protected":false},"excerpt":{"rendered":"

Liane Lieske: The Boundary of Acceptability is the Erosion of Human Rights My grandmother, Erna Lieske, was born in 1900 as the illegitimate daughter of a maid in Pomerania. Her mother died at the age of 28 when Erna was only four years old. She grew up in extreme poverty under the care of her […]<\/p>\n","protected":false},"author":11,"featured_media":5130,"comment_status":"closed","ping_status":"closed","sticky":false,"template":"","format":"standard","meta":{"_acf_changed":false,"footnotes":""},"categories":[110],"class_list":["post-5919","post","type-post","status-publish","format-standard","has-post-thumbnail","hentry","category-your-stories"],"acf":[],"yoast_head":"\nAgainst Disavowal: The Speeches of the Relatives of the Persecuted Your Stories<\/title>\n<meta name=\"robots\" content=\"index, follow, max-snippet:-1, max-image-preview:large, max-video-preview:-1\" \/>\n<link rel=\"canonical\" href=\"https:\/\/www.die-verleugneten.de\/en\/erinnern-gedenken-en\/against-disavowal-the-speeches-of-the-relatives-of-the-persecuted\/\" \/>\n<meta property=\"og:locale\" content=\"en_US\" \/>\n<meta property=\"og:type\" content=\"article\" \/>\n<meta property=\"og:title\" content=\"Against Disavowal: The Speeches of the Relatives of the Persecuted Your Stories\" \/>\n<meta property=\"og:description\" content=\"Liane Lieske: The Boundary of Acceptability is the Erosion of Human Rights My grandmother, Erna Lieske, was born in 1900 as the illegitimate daughter of a maid in Pomerania. 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